Educational Management and Administration MCQ Quiz - Objective Question with Answer for Educational Management and Administration - Download Free PDF

Instructional leadership is a critical aspect of effective school management, emphasizing the improvement of teaching and learning processes.

Key Points

•  The primary focus of instructional leadership is improving teaching and learning practices.
• Instructional leaders, such as principals and academic coordinators, work to enhance student achievement by mentoring teachers, developing curriculum strategies, and using data-driven methods to improve classroom instruction.
• They observe teaching practices, provide constructive feedback, and ensure that educators have access to professional development opportunities.
• By fostering a culture of continuous learning, instructional leaders help in refining teaching methodologies and boosting student performance.

Thus, it is concluded that Instructional leadership primarily focuses on improving teaching and learning practices.

Ogburn theory of Cultural lag

• The most difference between material culture and non- material culture is known as cultural lag. 
• Cultural lag occurs whenever there is an unequal rate of change between different parts of culture causing a gap between material and non-material culture. 
• According to sociologists William F. Ogburn, cultural lag is a common societal phenomenon due to the tendency of material culture to evolve and change rapidly and voluminously while non-material culture tends to resist change and remain fixed for a far longer period of time.
• His theory of cultural lag suggests that a period of maladjustment occurs when the non-material culture is struggling to adapt to new material conditions.

Conclusion: From the above discussion, we can conclude that option (2) is correct.

Leadership plays a crucial role in the functioning and success of a group.

Key Points

• Identification of leadership pattern is very important in group mobilisation because mobilization involves bringing people together for a common cause or action.
• Effective leadership ensures that group members are motivated, coordinated, and directed towards achieving shared goals.
• Whether in social movements, community development, or organizational settings, strong leadership patterns help in uniting individuals and driving collective action.

Thus, it is concluded that Identification of leadership pattern is very important in group mobilisation.

Hint

• Disbursement refers to distributing funds or resources.
• Running a group is important, but before operational management, mobilization is necessary to form and activate the group.
• Satisfaction is an outcome of good leadership but not directly related to identifying leadership patterns.

Leadership styles define how decisions are made within an organization or group.

Key Points

• Laissez-Faire leadership is a style in which the leader allows employees to make decisions independently.
• In this approach, the leader provides minimal guidance and gives team members the autonomy to manage their tasks. It is based on trust, assuming that employees are capable of making responsible decisions.
• This style is often effective in teams of highly skilled and self-motivated professionals, as it encourages creativity, innovation, and self-direction.

Thus, it is concluded that The leader allows the employees to make the decisions in Laissez Faire leadership.

Hint

• Autocratic leadership is the opposite, where the leader makes all decisions without employee input.
• Democratic leadership involves shared decision-making, but the leader still plays an active role in guiding and facilitating discussions.

The correct answer is - Out-group

Key Points

• Out-group
  • According to the leader-member exchange theory, relationships between leaders and members are categorized into high-quality and low-quality exchanges.
  • Members who experience low-quality exchanges are considered to be part of the Out-group.
  • These members typically have limited interaction with the leader and receive fewer opportunities and support.

Additional Information

• Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) Theory
  • LMX theory emphasizes the dyadic relationship between leaders and each of their followers.
  • The theory suggests that leaders develop unique relationships with each member, which can impact job satisfaction and performance.
• High-Quality Exchanges
  • Members in the In-group have high-quality exchanges, characterized by trust, respect, and mutual obligation.
  • These members often receive more support, resources, and recognition from their leader.
• Implications of Low-Quality Exchanges
  • Members in the Out-group might experience lower morale and job dissatisfaction.
  • This can affect their overall work performance and motivation.

The correct answer is 1 and 2 only.

• The Department of School Education and Literacy has launched a National Mission to improve learning outcomes at the elementary level through an Integrated Teacher Training Programme called NISHTHA under the Centrally Sponsored Scheme (NOT Centrally Sector Scheme) of Samagra Shiksha in 2019-20. Hence, Statement 3 is NOT correct.
• NISHTHA is a capacity building programme for "Improving Quality of School Education through Integrated Teacher Training".
• It aims to build competencies among all the teachers and school principals at the elementary stage.
• NISHTHA is the world's largest teachers' training programme of its kind.
• The basic objective of this massive training programme is to motivate and equip teachers to encourage and foster critical thinking in students.
• The initiative is first of its kind wherein standardized training modules are developed at national level for all States and UTs.

Highlights:

• Capacity building of 4.2 million teachers
• Integrated training of principals/heads as key academic support
• Focus on competency and higher order thinking skills based teaching learning
• Training of all heads and teachers as first level counselors
• Promoting experiential and joyful learning
• Awareness of centrally sponsored schemes/initiatives
• Online monitoring and support system
• Convergence of multi-departmental efforts
• Activity based training modules

Jonathan Turner defines an institution as “a complex of positions, roles, norms and values lodged in particular types of social structures and organizing relatively stable patterns of human activity with respect to fundamental problems in producing life-sustaining resources, in reproducing individuals, and in sustaining viable societal structures within a given environment”

Key PointsManagement is the art of getting things done through people. In a broader sense, it is the process of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling the efforts of organization members and of using all other organizational resources to achieve stated organizational goals.

• Management consists of a series of activities classified into various functions like planning, organizing, staffing directing, and controlling.
• Management is a universal phenomenon in the sense that it is a common and essential element in all enterprises. Management of an organization is always aimed at achieved of the organizational goals.
• Management is an ongoing process and it continues as long as an organization exists.
• Management is an integrating process. All the functions, activities, processes, and operations are intermixed among themselves.
•  Management is intangible. It is an unseen force. Its presence can be felt everywhere by the results of its effort which comes in the form of orderliness, adequate work output, satisfactory, the working climate, employee satisfaction, etc. 
• Management is both a science and art.
• The most important aspect of management is handling people organized in work groups.

Thus by all these references, we can conclude that management consists a series of activities classified into various functions like planning, organizing, staffing, directing, and controlling.

Important Points Importance of management:

• Production efficiency
• Profit maximization
• Effective utilization of the source
• Improve product quality
• Attainments of goals
• Stability and growth
• Change and development

Additional Information

• Deferment: A deferment is an act of making delay to pay at a later time.
• Encroachment: Encroachment is another form of dispossessing the tribals of their lands and this is done by the new entrants in all the places where there were no proper land records. Bribing the local Patwari for manipulating the date of settlement of land disputes, ante-dating, etc., are resorted to claiming the tribal lands.
• Abatement: Abatement is a reduction in the level of taxation faced by an individual or company.

The correct answer is C, A, E, D, B.

Key PointsThe position, permission, production, people development, and pinnacle levels of leadership according to John Maxwell. Each level is associated with a certain action that generates followers. Using the expertise and data he's accumulated over the course of 40 years as a successful leader, the best-selling book created six different stages of leadership.​

Important Points5 Levels of Leadership

1. Position: An individual is given the authority to lead by a leader. Because of this, people don't follow them because they are influential but rather because they are ordered to.
2. Permission: Focus is placed on developing and maintaining relationships with the team. As a result, they are given unrestricted authority to lead by their teammates.
3. Production: When a leader achieves Level 3, they start to concentrate on improving results. People then follow them because they believe the individual is competent and will guide them in the proper route.
4. People Development: The servant leaders who get to Level Four mentor, teach, and multiply other leaders. People are drawn to them and stay with them because they are aware of their beneficial impact on the lives of those around them.
5. Pinnacle: The rarest kind of leaders, Level Five leaders are highly renowned for their successes, the ways in which they have improved the lives of others, and the ways in which they have inspired their organisations to improve the world. Because of who they are, what they have accomplished, and what they stand for to the public, these leaders have followers.

Key Points

• TQM is a management philosophy that emphasizes the importance of quality in all aspects of an organization.
• It is a systematic approach to managing an organization that focuses on continuous improvement and customer satisfaction.
• The roots of TQM can be traced back to the early 20th century, but it was not until the 1980s that it became a widely adopted management philosophy.

• The term "Total Quality Management" was first used in the early 1980s by W. Edwards Deming, an American statistician and management consultant.

• Deming is considered to be one of the pioneers of TQM and his work has had a major impact on the way businesses are managed around the world.

• Total Quality Management (TQM) as a concept started in the year 1983.

TQM is based on the following principles:

• Customer focus: TQM organizations focus on meeting or exceeding the needs of their customers.
• Continuous improvement: TQM organizations are constantly looking for ways to improve their products and services.
• Employee involvement: TQM organizations involve all employees in the quality improvement process.
• Fact-based decision making: TQM organizations make decisions based on data and analysis.
• Teamwork: TQM organizations emphasize teamwork and collaboration.
• TQM has been shown to be an effective way to improve quality, productivity, and customer satisfaction.
• It is a complex and challenging philosophy, but it can be a valuable tool for organizations that are committed to continuous improvement.

Therefore, the answer is 3, 1983.

Leadership is defined as the activity of influencing people to cooperate towards some goal that they come to find desirable. This definition may be elaborated further. There are at least four distinct factors in the definition.

• First, it is useful to explain the way by which people rise to leadership.
• Second, the process of influencing requires study.
• Third, the nature of goals that people will find desirable has to be analyzed. And
• fourth, the qualities exhibited by leaders in action can be considered. 

Key PointsLeithwood and Duke in 1999 examining research on the roles and responsibilities of school leaders identified the following areas:

• ​Instructional Leadership: Instructional leadership is most commonly associated with school principals who manage curriculums, budgeting, and scheduling and are responsible for the success of each student in their schools.
• Transformational Leadership: Transformational leadership concerns itself with change and hence the school leader's role here is seen in precipitating the envisioned change. The teachers and others in the organization and the leader are together in this process of bringing about change for higher purposes and for the betterment of the school.
• Moral Leadership: Moral leadership provides a value or meaning for people to live by, inspiration to act, and motivation to hold oneself accountable. When you don't see someone stepping up to provide purpose and doing what is best for someone stepping up.
• Participative Leadership: Participative leadership is also known as democratic leadership. It allows members to contribute ideas and participate in decision-making.
• Contingent Leadership: Regarding this theory, good leader-member relations show acceptance of the leader by the group details of the task spelled out to the leader's position, and a great deal of authority and power is formally attributed to the leader's position. When the situation is very favorable or very unfavorable to the leader, the task-oriented leader is effective. When the situation is moderately favorable to the leader the person-oriented leader is effective.  

​​Hence, we can conclude that transformational is a leadership function identified by Leithwood and Duke.

Hint

•  Immoral leadership is not introduced by Leithwood and Duke.

The Plan-do-check-act cycle is a four-step model for carrying out change. Just as a circle has no end, the PDCA cycle should be repeated again and again for continuous improvement. The PDCA cycle is considered a project planning tool.

Key Points

• Plan: Recognize an opportunity and plan a change.
• Do: Test the change. Carry out a small-scale study.
• Check: Review the test, analyze the results, and identify what you’ve learned.
• Act: Take action based on what you learned in the study step. If the change did not work, go through the cycle again with a different plan. If you were successful, incorporate what you learned from the test into wider changes. Use what you learned to plan new improvements, beginning the cycle again

Additional Information 

• A core definition of total quality management (TQM) describes a management approach to long-term success through customer satisfaction.
• In a TQM effort, all members of an organization participate in improving processes, products, services, and the culture in which they work.
• Total quality management consists of organization-wide efforts to "install and make permanent climate where employees continuously improve their ability to provide on demand products and services that customers will find of particular value.

Hence PDCA stands for Plan, Do, Check, Act.

Leadership may be defined as a process of influencing group activities towards certain goals.

It is the activity of influencing people to strive willingly for group objectives".

Key Points The characteristic of leadership include -

• It is a continuous process whereby the leader influences, guides and directs the behaviors of others. 
• Leadership involves people fully in a great project.
• It defines objectives, goals, and outcomes.
• It guides and directs other people and provides purpose and direction to their efforts.

Hence we conclude that the characteristics of Leadership include involving people fully in a great project and defining objectives, goals, and outcomes.

Additional Information

There are a number of theories that provide explanations regarding various aspects of the leadership phenomenon-

• Trait Theory - It determines the traits of a leader as physically strong and well-built, intelligent, honest, and mentally mature.
• Behavioral Theories: These are based on the belief that leaders can be identified by reference to their behavior in relation to their followers.
• Situational Theories: In the situational theories of leadership the success of leadership depends upon the situation in which the leader operates.

Education economics or the economics of education is the study of economic issues relating to education, including the demand for education, the financing and provision of education, and the comparative efficiency of various educational programs and policies

Important Points

• The unit cost per student is the average cost per student is calculated from the total expenditure divided by all students in higher education within a certain time.
• By knowing the size of the unit cost per student is useful to assess various policy alternatives in an effort to improve the education quality.
• Unit cost is cost per educational unit, e.g. cost per student, cost per school, cost per teacher, etc. But in education as multiple outputs measured variously in terms of student achievement of graduates passed, and so on.
• Hence, while  estimating unit cost, due care should be take11 to avoid ambiguity. For  example, cost per student  imply: 
• a) cost per student enrolled: 
• b) cost per student actually attending school; or 
• c) cost per student successfully completing a given course.

Thus the unit cost is Total expenditure by the institution divided by total number of students

The physical environment is where individuals live, learn, work, and play. People interact with their physical environment through the air they breathe, the water they drink.

Key PointsPhysical environment conducive to learning aims to minimize the distractions that can take their mind away from learning.

• This makes it compulsory to ensure that nothing as such is kept in the classroom that need not be there or that cannot come to aid the learning process of the kids in any possible way.
• Stakeholders for creating a healthy physical environment in school 
  • Anyone who is invested in the welfare and success of a school and its students.
  • Administrators, teachers, staff members, students, health experts, parents, families, community members, local business leaders, and elected officials such as school board members, city. 

Therefore, School administrators, parents, students, and health experts' participation is necessary to create a healthy physical environment in the school.

Key Points

Lewin's change management model

• Kurt Lewin's change management model is a three-step process that helps organizations to successfully implement change. The three steps are:
  • Unfreeze: This step involves creating a sense of urgency for change and helping people to let go of the old way of doing things.
  • Change: This step involves implementing the new change and helping people to learn the new way of doing things.
  • Refreeze: This step involves solidifying the change and helping people to make the new way of doing things the norm.

The refreeze step is important because it helps to ensure that the change is not reversed. This can be done by providing training, support, and resources to help people to adopt the new way of doing things. It is also important to celebrate successes and to provide positive reinforcement for those who are making the change.

Here are some of the things that can be done to reinforce a change:

• Provide training and support to help people learn the new way of doing things.
• Celebrate successes and provide positive reinforcement for those who are making the change.
• Remove any obstacles that may be preventing people from making the change.
• Monitor the change and make adjustments as needed.

By following these steps, organizations can increase the chances of successfully implementing change.

Hence, Option 4) Reinforce a change implies the 'refreeze' step of Lewin's change management model.