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Home / IAS Preparation / National Human Rights Commission

National Human Rights Commission - Mission, Composition, Objective & More for UPSC

Last Updated on Jun 18, 2025
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About NHRC 

 

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  • The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) was established on 12th October 1993 in India.
  • It is established under the Protection of Human Rights Act (PHRA) 1993 as amended by the Protection of Human Rights (Amendment) Act, 2006.
  • It is in conformity with the Paris Principles, adopted at the 1st international workshop on national institutions for the promotion and protection of human rights held in Paris in October 1991, and endorsed by the United Nations General Assembly by its Regulations 48/134 of 20th December 1993.
  • The NHRC is responsible for the promotion and protection of human rights.
  • Under Section 2(1)(d) of the PHRA, Human Rights are defined as the rights relating to life, liberty, equality and dignity of the individual guaranteed by the Constitution or embodied in the International Covenants and enforceable by courts in India.
  • The Commission headquarters is located in Delhi and it may establish with the previous approval of the Central Government its offices at other places in India. 

    • Study this following article on National Human Rights Commission which is one of the most important topics under Indian Polity for UPSC Exams.

National Human Rights Commission (UPSC Polity Notes): Download PDF Here!

Origins of NHRC
  • On December 10 1948: the UN adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR).
  • In the Paris meeting of the UN, Paris Principles were developed which became the foundation of the National Human Rights Institutions (NHRIs).
  • The Protection of Human Rights Act was enacted in 1993 to ensure greater accountability to human rights.
  • This act also allowed state governments to establish the State Human Rights Commission.

Click here to get UPSC IAS Exam Previous Year Papers.

Constitution of NHRC

The Commission consists of:

  • 1 Chairperson.
  • 5 full time Members.
  • 4 deemed Members.

Mission
  • It seeks to promote e-Governance for empowering citizens by promoting the inclusive and sustainable growth of the Electronics, IT & ITeS industries. It also aims at enhancing India’s role in Internet Governance and adopting a multipronged approach that includes development of human resources, promoting R&D and innovation, enhancing efficiency through digital services and ensuring a secure cyberspace.

Acts and Rules Related to NHRC
  • The Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993 (with Amendment Act, 2006).
  • The Protection of Human Rights (Amendment) ACT, 2019.
  • NHRC (Procedure) Amendment Regulations, 1997.

Also read: National Commission for Scheduled Castes here.

Objectives of National Human Rights Commission
  • Provide e-infrastructure for delivery of e-services.
  • Promote electronics hardware manufacturing and IT-ITeS industry
  • Implement R&D Framework by enabling creation of Innovation/ R&D Infrastructure in emerging and establishment of mechanism for R&D translation.
  • Provide support for development of e-Skills and Knowledge networks.
  • Secure India’s cyber space.
  • Promote the use of ICT for more inclusive growth in India.
  • Enhance India’s role in Global Platforms of Internet Governance.

Know more about Parliamentary System in India here.

Specialized Divisions of NHRCand their role
Divisions Staff Role
Law Division
  • Headed by a Registrar (Law).
  • Assisted by Presenting Officers along with a Joint Registrar, Deputy Registrars, Assistant Registrars, Section Officers and other secretarial staff.
  • Handles registration and disposal of cases registered on the complaints of human rights violation every year.
  • The cases may be concerned, regarding custodial death, custodial rape, death in police action, etc.
Investigation Division
  • Headed by an officer of the rank of Director General of Police.
  • Assisted by a DIG and 3 Senior Superintendents of Police who head a group of investigative officers.
  • The investigative officers comprise Deputy Superintendents of Police and Inspectors.
  • Conducts spot enquiries and recommends suitable action in the cases implicating human rights violation.
  • Analyzes the reports.
  • Deliver lectures in training institutes and other forums.
  • Promote human rights awareness.
Policy Research, Projects and Programmes Division
  • Handled by Joint Secretary (Training & Research) and Joint Secretary (Programme & Administration), a Joint Director (Research), Section Officer, Assistant, Research Consultants, Research Associates, Research Assistants and other secretarial staff.
  • Undertake and promote research on human rights.
  • Organizes conferences, seminars and workshops on important human rights issues.
  • Review policies, laws, treaties and other international instruments in force for the protection and promotion of human rights.
  • Facilitate in monitoring the implementation of NHRC recommendations by the Central, State and Union Territory authorities.
  • Assist the Training Division in spreading human rights literacy and awareness for the protection of human rights.
Training Division
  • Headed by a Joint Secretary (Training & Research).
  • Assisted by a Senior Research Officer (Training), an Assistant and other secretarial staff.
  • Deal with all international matters, including international treaties and conventions.
  • Spread human rights literacy.
  • Spread awareness on different human rights issues among various government officials and functionaries of the State and its agencies, non-government officials, representatives of civil society organizations and students.
Administration Division
  • Handled by the Joint Secretary (P&A).
  • Assisted by a Director, Under Secretaries, Section Officers, Assistants and other secretarial staff.
  • Look after the establishment, administrative and related requirements of the Chairperson and Members of the NHRC.
  • Look into personnel, accounts, library and other requirements of the officers and staff of the NHRC.

 

Questions to Ace Your Exams

Q1. How many members are in the National Human Rights Commission? How is the National Human Rights Commission constituted?
The National Human Rights Commission operates independently and is led by a Chairperson with a prerequisite Chief Justice of the Supreme Court background. Its diverse composition adheres to international human rights principles, and the Act was amended in 2006. The NHRC also has three full-time members, each specified by the statute, and additional ex-officio members. The ex-officio members of the NHRC include chairpersons of commissions, including the National Commission for Minorities, the National Commissions for Scheduled Castes, Women, Scheduled Tribes, the Protection of Child Rights (Special Invitee to Statutory Full Commission), Backward Classes, and Chief Commissioner for Persons with Disabilities.

Q2. What does the National Human Rights Commission do? How can a person become a member of the National Human Rights Commission? How can a person join the National Human Rights Commission?
NHRC, as per Section 12 of the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, investigates complaints of human rights violations and negligence by public servants. The NHRC can intervene in judicial processes, review international instruments, and inspect prisons. It also promotes human rights research and awareness and recommends preventive steps to the government. Empowered with the authority of a civil court, it asserts its autonomy in expressing views on diverse human rights issues. Direct applications are not accepted to join the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC); the President of India appoints the Chairperson and Members of the NHRC following the recommendation of a committee chaired by the Prime Minister. This committee includes the Speaker, Home Minister, Leaders of Opposition in both Houses, and the Rajya Sabha Deputy Chairman, ensuring a high-level, politically balanced selection process.

Q3. What is the National Human Rights Commission? How can an individual complain to the National Human Rights Commission?
The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) promotes and protects human rights in accordance with the Paris Principles and under the Protection of Human Rights Act 1993. Human rights include those pertaining to life, liberty, equality, and individual dignity, guaranteed by the Constitution or enshrined in international covenants, enforceable by Indian courts. To file a complaint with the NHRC, individuals can submit it personally or through various channels like posts, emails, or online in Hindi, English, or a recognized language. Urgent complaints are accepted via mobile during working hours. The NHRC wields extensive powers under the Protection of Human Rights Act. The Commission uses a Complaint Management and Information System (CMIS) to handle complaint processing efficiently. The Commission has the authority to conduct inquiries, dismiss or transfer cases, issue suitable directions, and conduct inquiries.

Q4. Where is the headquarters of the National Human Rights Commission? How do you contact the National Human Rights Commission?
The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) is headquartered in New Delhi, India, at Manav Adhikar Bhawan, Block-C, GPO Complex, INA, New Delhi - 110023. Contact can be made in person or by post at this address. Additionally, the NHRC is accessible by phone at +91-11-24663283 or fax at +91-11-24651329. Email communication is welcomed at covdnhrc@nic.in. Detailed information can be found on the NHRC's official website, www.nhrc.nic.in.

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If you are checking National Human Rights Commission Notes For UPSC, also check the related Polity articles in the table below:
Government Of India Act 1919 Fundamental Duties In India
National Integration Right To Constitutional Remedies (Article 32)
Right To Equality (Article 14 to 18) Right to Life (Article 21)

More Articles for IAS Preparation

National Human Rights Commission FAQs

Human Rights Day is celebrated every year on 10 December.

New Delhi is the headquarters of NHRC.

The National Human Rights Commission promotes and protects human rights. It performs various functions that help in safeguarding and strengthening human rights in India.

Justice Arun Kumar Mishra is the current chairman of the National Human Rights Commission appointed in June 2021.
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