With more and more missions planned for the Moon, Mars, and even asteroids, NASA continues to lead the way in exploring deep space. Its work influences how countries around the world think about space, how we discuss environmental issues, and it inspires people to study and learn more – making NASA a fascinating topic from many different angles.

In this article, we will discuss about Stardust Mission for UPSC CSE Examination which was launched to reach Comet Wild 2, interstellar dust particles, offering new insights into its environment, structure, and scientific relevance.

• Stardust Mission took off on February 7, 1999, beginning a mission that would expand the boundaries of human understanding.  
• Engineers and scientists have collaborated extensively to meet the missions key objective, which is to Collect comet coma samples and interstellar dust; return to Earth, requiring innovative technological solutions.  
• This Comet sample return (Discovery Program) served as a key test for new technologies and different ways of operating.  
• The flight path for the Delta II 7426 was charted with extraordinary precision by astrodynamicists. 
• Cape Canaveral, LC-17A was the location where the mission was launched. 
• Approximately 7 years marked the full span of the mission’s activity. 
• This effort was undertaken solely by NASA. 
• It wrapped up with a status of Completed (Successful sample return). 
• $200 million (excluding launch) was spent on Stardust Mission, a key NASA initiative supporting deep space autonomy and exploration. 

Stardust Mission leverages Aerogel dust collectors, navigation camera, dust flux monitor to enable efficient, real-time space science and reduce reliance on Earth-based control.

Stardust Mission relied on Aerogel for sample capture, Earth return capsule to achieve greater operational independence and efficiency in unstructured space settings. In this article, we’ve explored every phase of Stardust Mission—from its initial proposal to its mission completion which will give UPSC aspirants a complete perspective valuable for UPSC Mains GS Papers 2, 3, 4, and the Essay Paper.

Get Free Materials for UPSC Preparation by Testbook!

NASA Stardust Mission Space Mission Overview 

Also, Checkout Sunita Williams’ Missions to the International Space Station

Stardust Mission Space Mission Global Contributions

Stardust Mission was developed in collaboration with Germany (CIDA instrument), emphasizing global cooperation in advancing space autonomy.

• Contributing to mission success, German contribution to dust analyzer on Stardust Mission brought new functionality to deep space autonomy. 
• Lockheed Martin (spacecraft), JPL (mission operations) contributed essential systems and platforms that enabled timely delivery and advanced operational readiness for the mission. 
• By implementing Samples distributed globally for analysis, NASA enabled real-time data exchange and cooperative research throughout the mission. 
• Stardust Mission had a significant impact on global space policy as First US sample return from beyond Moon; provided pristine comet material, influencing international collaboration and setting new standards for space exploration. 

Challenges & Risk in Stardust Mission Space Mission

During various mission phases, Stardust Mission had to manage risks like Protecting spacecraft during high-speed comet encounter, which were resolved through creative engineering solutions and the application of redundant safety mechanisms.

• Despite hurdles such as Coma particle impacts during flyby; parachute deployment for capsule, Stardust Mission proceeded as planned with only minor adjustments. 
• Stardust Mission concludes with Sample return capsule landed; main spacecraft in solar orbit, which contributes to discussions around orbital sustainability and debris management. 

Download UPSC Previous Year Question Paper PDFs for UPSC Prelims & Mains!

Mission Timeline of Stardust Mission NASA Space Mission

• Mid-1990s marks the date when the mission was first approved for consideration. 
• Engineers and scientists celebrated the success of the landing/flyby event on January 2, 2004 (Wild 2 flyby); January 15, 2006 (Sample return), a major milestone for the mission. 
• Although the primary mission officially ended on January 15, 2006 (After sample capsule return), there was potential for continued data collection and extended operations. 

Get to Know the detailed UPSC Syllabus for IAS Prelims & Mains Exam!

UPSC Relevance of Stardust Mission

• Awareness of international space missions, especially NASA’s, is vital for success in the Prelims, given their link to science, technology, and current affairs.
• GS Paper 3 often features questions on space technology, where NASA’s breakthroughs provide useful insights into international scientific progress.
• UPSC CSE GS Paper 4 (Ethics) could present case studies based on the teamwork and leadership displayed during high-stakes NASA missions, assessing ethical decision-making in extreme environments.
• UPSC optional subjects like PSIR, Anthropology, and Public Administration can benefit from NASA examples when discussing themes like soft power, collective leadership, and institutional accountability in high-stakes missions.

Also, Learn about International Space Station (ISS)

Past UPCS Mains PYQs on NASA Space Missions

Q1. Launched on 25th December 2021, the James Webb Space Telescope has been much in the news since then. What are its unique features which make it superior to its predecessor space telescopes? What are the key goals of this mission? What potential benefits does it hold for the human race? (2022, GS Paper 3) 

Q2. How does the Juno Mission of NASA help to understand the origin and evolution of the Earth? (2017, GS Paper 1)

Q3. The safe landing of the ‘Curiosity’ Rover under NASA’s space programme has sparked many possibilities. What are those and how could humankind benefit from them? (2012, GS Paper 2)

Past UPCS Prelims PYQs on NASA Space Missions

Q1 [2022]: Which one of the following statements best reflects the idea behind the “Fractional Orbital Bombardment System” often talked about in the media?

(a) A hypersonic missile is launched into space to counter the asteroid approaching the Earth and explode it in space.

(b) A spacecraft lands on another planet after making several orbital motions.

(c) A missile is put into a stable orbit around the Earth and deorbits over a target on the Earth.

(d) A spacecraft moves along a comet with the same speed and places a probe on its surface.

Answer: (c) A missile is put into a stable orbit around the Earth and deorbits over a target on the Earth.

Explanation: While this question pertains to a military concept, NASAs research into orbital mechanics and space trajectories contributes to the broader understanding of such technologies.

Q2 [2020]: “The experiment will employ a trio of spacecraft flying in formation in the shape of an equilateral triangle that has sides one million kilometres long, with lasers shining between the craft.” The experiment in question refers to:

(a) Voyager-2

(b) New Horizons

(c) Lisa Pathfinder

(d) Evolved LISA

Answer: (d) Evolved LISA

Explanation: Evolved LISA (Laser Interferometer Space Antenna) is a space-based gravitational wave observatory developed by ESA with contributions from NASA.

Q3 [2017]: What is the purpose of ‘evolved Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (eLISA)’ project?

(a) To detect neutrinos

(b) To detect gravitational waves

(c) To detect the effectiveness of missile defence system

(d) To study the effect of solar flares on our communication systems

Answer: (b) To detect gravitational waves

Explanation: Evolved Laser Space Interferometer Space Antenna (ELISA) project was widely in the news due to the discovery of gravitational waves by the LIGO detector and the subsequent success of the LISA pathfinder project. The European Space Agency is leading the ELISA mission. The project is initiated to detect and accurately measure gravitational waves.

Q4 [2016]: What is ‘Greased Lightning-10 (GL-10)’, recently in the news?

(a) Electric plane tested by NASA

(b) Solar-powered two-seater aircraft designed by Japan

(c) Space observatory launched by China

(d) Reusable rocket designed by ISRO

Answer: (a) Electric plane tested by NASA
educationprovince.com

Explanation: GL-10 is a remotely piloted plane similar to an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). It is designed and developed in such a way that it can take off like a helicopter and fly like an airplane. It is a battery-powered 10-engine with a wingspan of 3.05 meters. Eight electric motors are mounted on the wings. 2 electric motors are mounted on the tail. It weighs a maximum of 28.1 kilograms at takeoff. Due to its versatile vertical takeoff and landing ability, it produces less noise. It can be used as a UAV for small package delivery or vertical takeoff and landing, as well as long-endurance surveillance for agriculture, mapping, and other applications. Its modified scaled-up version can be used as a persons air vehicle.

Q5 [2015]: The term ‘Goldilocks Zone’ is often seen in the news in the context of:

(a) The limits of habitable zone above the surface of the Earth

(b) Regions inside the Earth where shale gas is available

(c) Search for the Earth-like planets in outer space

(d) Search for meteorites containing precious metals

Answer: (c) Search for the Earth-like planets in outer space

Explanation: The Goldilocks Zone is the livable zone around a star where the temperature is not too hot and not too cold for liquid water to exist on a planet. It is a metaphor for the childrens story Goldilocks and the Three Bears, in which a young girl selects from sets of three objects, eschewing the extremes (such as those that are enormous or small, hot or cold) and fixing on the one that is just right in the middle. The Goldilocks zone of the Sun surrounds the Earth. All of Earths water would freeze if it were found where the dwarf planet Pluto is; however, all of Earths water would boil out if it were found where Mercury is.

Also, Get to Know What was NASA's Parker Solar Probe Mission

UPSC Practice Questions on NASA Space Missions

Q1. The space craft launched by NASA to study the Sun is
1. Parker Solar Probe
2. Probing Sun
3. Mission on Sun
4. Hawking Solar Probe
Answer: 1
Solution: The correct answer of above Question is option 1. Parker Solar Probe was launched by NASA on August 12, 2018, to study the outer corona of the Sun. It is named after physicist Eugene Parker, a pioneer in heliophysics and solar wind research. The probe utilizes a custom heat shield made of carbon-carbon composite to withstand extreme solar temperatures and is designed to approach the Sun within 3.83 million miles, closer than any previous spacecraft. It carries four instrument suites to measure magnetic fields, solar wind particles, and image the solar corona. The mission aims to solve two key solar mysteries: how the solar wind accelerates and why the Sun's outer atmosphere is hotter than its surface. Data from the probe is helping to improve forecasts of space weather that affects life and technology on Earth. As of 2023, it is still operational, providing unprecedented information about the Sun's activity. The mission is slated to end in 2025, after 24 planned orbits and seven gravity assists from Venus.

Q2. Consider the following statements regarding Multi-Angle Imager for Aerosols Mission (MAIA):
1. It is a joint mission between NASA and the Italian Space Agency.
2. It aims to investigate the health impact of air pollution.
3. The duration of the mission is three years.
Which of the above statements are correct?
1. 1 and 2 only
2. 2 and 3 only
3. 1 and 3 only
4. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: 4
Solution: The correct answer is 1, 2 and 3. The MAIA mission is a joint effort between NASA and the Italian Space Agency ASI, aiming to investigate the health impacts of air pollution in the world’s most populated cities. The duration of the mission is indeed three years.

Q3. Chandrayaan-3 is the third Moon mission by India's space agency ISRO. Consider the following statements about various lunar missions:
1. The United States is the only country that has successfully landed humans on the Moon.
2. The Chang'e 4 mission, conducted by China, successfully achieved the ambitious goal of collecting lunar samples from the Moon's surface and returning them to Earth.
3. LUNA and VIPER are a series of missions including orbiters, landers, and rovers sent by Russia to study the Moon.
How many of the statements are correct?
1. only one
2. only two
3. All are correct
4. None is correct
Answer: 1
Solution: The correct answer is only one. The United States is indeed the only country that has successfully landed humans on the Moon. The Chang'e 4 mission did not return samples to Earth; it was the Chang'e 5 mission that achieved that. LUNA and VIPER are not missions sent by Russia; VIPER is a NASA mission.

Q4. Consider the following statements regarding the NISAR mission:
1. NISAR represents an equal collaboration between NASA and ISRO, marking the first time these two agencies have cooperated in the development of hardware for an Earth-observing mission.
2. NISAR's advanced radar systems will comprehensively scan nearly all of Earth's land and ice surfaces every 24 days.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
1. 1 only
2. 2 only
3. Both 1 and 2
4. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: 1
Solution: The correct answer is Option 1. NISAR does represent an equal collaboration between NASA and ISRO, marking a significant partnership in Earth observation. However, NISAR's radar systems will scan Earth's surfaces every 12 days, not 24 days.

Q5. What is the name of the mission aiming to launch the world's first wooden satellite into orbit?
1. LignoSat
2. WoodSat
3. EcoOrbit
4. BiodegradeSat
Answer: 1
Solution: The correct answer is LignoSat. NASA and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) are set to launch the world's first wooden satellite into orbit. The satellite will be constructed primarily from treated Japanese magnolia wood and aims to address the growing issue of space debris by utilizing a renewable and biodegradable material for spacecraft construction.

Q6. Proba - 3 Mission, which will be launched aboard ISRO's PSLV, is associated with which space agency?
1. ESA (European Space Agency)
2. CNSA (The China National Space Administration)
3. NASA (The National Aeronautics and Space Administration)
4. JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency)
Answer: 1
Solution: The correct answer is ESA (European Space Agency). The Proba-3 Mission is associated with the European Space Agency and is scheduled to be launched aboard ISRO's Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV). The primary objective of the mission is to study the Sun's corona by creating an artificial solar eclipse.

Q7. Group Captains Shubhanshu Shukla and Prasanth Balakrishnan Nair have been selected as prime and backup mission pilots for the Axiom-4 mission to the International Space Station (ISS).
1. Shubhanshu Shukla
2. Abhishek Nayar
3. Arjun Rastogi
4. Jagat Singh
Answer: 1
Solution: The correct answer is Shubhanshu Shukla. India has selected two Indian Air Force pilots, Group Captain Shubhanshu Shukla as the prime astronaut and Group Captain Prasanth Balakrishnan Nair as the backup astronaut for the Axiom-4 mission to the ISS.

Q8. Consider the following space stations:
1. International Space Station
2. Tiangong Space Station
3. Bharatiya Anthariksh Station (BAS-1)
How many of the above-mentioned space stations are currently in orbit?
1. Only one
2. Only two
3. Only three
4. None
Answer: 2
Solution: The correct answer is option 2. Currently, the International Space Station and the Tiangong Space Station are operational and in orbit. The Bharatiya Anthariksh Station is still under development.

Q9. What is the name of the spacecraft that successfully returned two Russian cosmonauts and a NASA astronaut from the International Space Station (ISS) to Earth on September 23, 2024?
1. Soyuz MS-23
2. Soyuz MS-24
3. Soyuz MS-25
4. Soyuz MS-26
Answer: 3
Solution: The correct answer is Soyuz MS-25. The Russian Soyuz MS-25 spacecraft successfully landed in Kazakhstan on September 23, 2024, returning cosmonauts Oleg Kononenko and Nikolai Chub, along with NASA astronaut Tracy Dyson.

Q10. The Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer IXPE, recently seen in the news, is:
1. A Mars orbiter developed jointly by ISRO and NASA to study Martian dust storms.
2. The world's first telescope designed to study X-ray polarization of cosmic phenomena.
3. A space-based observatory to detect gravitational waves from neutron stars.
4. A radio telescope that maps dark matter in the early universe.
Answer: 2
Solution: The correct answer is option 2. IXPE stands for Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer, launched jointly by NASA and the Italian Space Agency on December 9, 2021. It is the first satellite dedicated to measuring X-ray polarization, crucial for studying high-energy phenomena like black hole jets and blazars.

Also, Read about Axiom 4 Mission (Ax-4) for UPSC