NASA believes in sharing its scientific findings openly. The information from its satellites is used by people all over the world to watch over the environment, deal with disasters, and study our climate. By being open and sharing what it learns with everyone, NASA helps make sure science is fair and benefits people everywhere.

In this article, we will discuss about Jason-3 Satellite for UPSC CSE Examination which was launched to reach Earth (non-Sun-synchronous orbit for altimetry), offering new insights into its environment, structure, and scientific relevance.

• Jason-3 Satellite, launched on January 17, 2016, is expected to play a pivotal role in space research and technology.  
• The scientific community has identified a pressing need, and thus, the primary objective of this endeavor is to Continue high-precision ocean altimetry measurements. The anticipated results are expected to be transformative.  
• As a specific Ocean altimetry satellite, its main goal was clearly defined, and everyone involved worked hard and stayed focused on achieving it.  
• Mission planners selected the Falcon 9 v11 due to its established reliability and successful flight history. 
• Liftoff occurred at Vandenberg AFB, SLC-4E, kicking off the mission. 
• The entire mission took Ongoing to complete. 
• This effort was undertaken solely by NOAA, NASA, CNES, EUMETSAT. 
• Overall, the mission was Operational, meeting most of its objectives. 
• Total program cost shared among partners was spent on Jason-3 Satellite, a key NASA initiative supporting deep space autonomy and exploration. 

Jason-3 Satellite carries Poseidon-3B altimeter, AMR, DORIS, GPSP, LRA for advanced measurements, enabling deeper insights into planetary systems and space conditions.

Continued advancements in precision radar altimetry were essential to Jason-3 Satellite, supporting navigation, real-time data analysis, and autonomous mission control. This comprehensive article on NASA Jason-3 Satellite Space mission helps UPSC aspirants understand the full life cycle of a modern space mission which is relevant for GS Paper 2, GS Paper 3, GS Paper 4, and Essay.

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NASA Jason-3 Satellite Space Mission Overview 

Also, Checkout Sunita Williams’ Missions to the International Space Station

Jason-3 Satellite Space Mission Global Contributions

Working alongside CNES, EUMETSAT, NOAA (co-leads), NASA’s Jason-3 Satellite aimed to build a cooperative future for autonomous exploration.

• Jason-3 Satellite utilized Instruments and systems from US and European partners to test cutting-edge instruments and gather critical data in real-time. 
• With support from Thales Alenia Space (built satellite), SpaceX (launch), the mission benefitted from streamlined production, modern engineering, and rapid integration. 
• The use of Operational data for ocean forecasting and climate monitoring encouraged collaborative validation of autonomous technologies and mission outcomes. 
• Jason-3 Satellite exemplified a key milestone in policy evolution by Maintains critical international sea level rise observations, advancing the regulation of autonomous and defense-oriented technologies in space. 

Challenges & Risk in Jason-3 Satellite Space Mission

• Jason-3 Satellite navigated technical risks, including Ensuring data continuity and quality, by deploying robust backup protocols and hardware redundancy. 
• The sustainability outcome of Jason-3 Satellite is characterized by its Operational in Earth orbit, aligning with modern space stewardship practices. 

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Mission Timeline of Jason-3 Satellite NASA Space Mission

• The proposal for this mission was recorded on Late 2000s. 
• The date Not applicable represented a pivotal moment as the mission entered its most critical phase. 
• The date January 2021 (End of 5-year prime mission, operations continue) marked the successful conclusion of the missions scheduled scientific and operational tasks. 

Get to Know the detailed UPSC Syllabus for IAS Prelims & Mains Exam!

UPSC Relevance of Jason-3 Satellite

• Understanding NASA’s space missions is crucial for UPSC aspirants, as these topics often feature under current science and tech developments.
• In GS Paper 3, NASA missions serve as examples to explain concepts such as innovation, sustainability, and the ethical use of advanced technologies.
• In the UPSC CSE GS Paper 4 (Ethics), aspirants may be asked to evaluate whether the pursuit of advanced space technology, such as NASA’s missions, aligns with ethical duties toward humanity’s broader needs.
• In the UPSC CSE Optional Papers, topics from NASA Space Missions are highly relevant across disciplines, offering insights into global cooperation, technological ethics, and environmental impacts—useful for Geography, PSIR, and Philosophy optionals alike.

Also, Learn about International Space Station (ISS)

Past UPCS Mains PYQs on NASA Space Missions

Q1. Launched on 25th December 2021, the James Webb Space Telescope has been much in the news since then. What are its unique features which make it superior to its predecessor space telescopes? What are the key goals of this mission? What potential benefits does it hold for the human race? (2022, GS Paper 3) 

Q2. How does the Juno Mission of NASA help to understand the origin and evolution of the Earth? (2017, GS Paper 1)

Q3. The safe landing of the ‘Curiosity’ Rover under NASA’s space programme has sparked many possibilities. What are those and how could humankind benefit from them? (2012, GS Paper 2)

Past UPCS Prelims PYQs on NASA Space Missions

Q1 [2022]: Which one of the following statements best reflects the idea behind the “Fractional Orbital Bombardment System” often talked about in the media?

(a) A hypersonic missile is launched into space to counter the asteroid approaching the Earth and explode it in space.

(b) A spacecraft lands on another planet after making several orbital motions.

(c) A missile is put into a stable orbit around the Earth and deorbits over a target on the Earth.

(d) A spacecraft moves along a comet with the same speed and places a probe on its surface.

Answer: (c) A missile is put into a stable orbit around the Earth and deorbits over a target on the Earth.

Explanation: While this question pertains to a military concept, NASAs research into orbital mechanics and space trajectories contributes to the broader understanding of such technologies.

Q2 [2020]: “The experiment will employ a trio of spacecraft flying in formation in the shape of an equilateral triangle that has sides one million kilometres long, with lasers shining between the craft.” The experiment in question refers to:

(a) Voyager-2

(b) New Horizons

(c) Lisa Pathfinder

(d) Evolved LISA

Answer: (d) Evolved LISA

Explanation: Evolved LISA (Laser Interferometer Space Antenna) is a space-based gravitational wave observatory developed by ESA with contributions from NASA.

Q3 [2017]: What is the purpose of ‘evolved Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (eLISA)’ project?

(a) To detect neutrinos

(b) To detect gravitational waves

(c) To detect the effectiveness of missile defence system

(d) To study the effect of solar flares on our communication systems

Answer: (b) To detect gravitational waves

Explanation: Evolved Laser Space Interferometer Space Antenna (ELISA) project was widely in the news due to the discovery of gravitational waves by the LIGO detector and the subsequent success of the LISA pathfinder project. The European Space Agency is leading the ELISA mission. The project is initiated to detect and accurately measure gravitational waves.

Q4 [2016]: What is ‘Greased Lightning-10 (GL-10)’, recently in the news?

(a) Electric plane tested by NASA

(b) Solar-powered two-seater aircraft designed by Japan

(c) Space observatory launched by China

(d) Reusable rocket designed by ISRO

Answer: (a) Electric plane tested by NASA
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Explanation: GL-10 is a remotely piloted plane similar to an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). It is designed and developed in such a way that it can take off like a helicopter and fly like an airplane. It is a battery-powered 10-engine with a wingspan of 3.05 meters. Eight electric motors are mounted on the wings. 2 electric motors are mounted on the tail. It weighs a maximum of 28.1 kilograms at takeoff. Due to its versatile vertical takeoff and landing ability, it produces less noise. It can be used as a UAV for small package delivery or vertical takeoff and landing, as well as long-endurance surveillance for agriculture, mapping, and other applications. Its modified scaled-up version can be used as a persons air vehicle.

Q5 [2015]: The term ‘Goldilocks Zone’ is often seen in the news in the context of:

(a) The limits of habitable zone above the surface of the Earth

(b) Regions inside the Earth where shale gas is available

(c) Search for the Earth-like planets in outer space

(d) Search for meteorites containing precious metals

Answer: (c) Search for the Earth-like planets in outer space

Explanation: The Goldilocks Zone is the livable zone around a star where the temperature is not too hot and not too cold for liquid water to exist on a planet. It is a metaphor for the childrens story Goldilocks and the Three Bears, in which a young girl selects from sets of three objects, eschewing the extremes (such as those that are enormous or small, hot or cold) and fixing on the one that is just right in the middle. The Goldilocks zone of the Sun surrounds the Earth. All of Earths water would freeze if it were found where the dwarf planet Pluto is; however, all of Earths water would boil out if it were found where Mercury is.

Also, Get to Know What was NASA's Parker Solar Probe Mission

UPSC Practice Questions on NASA Space Missions

Q1. Which of the following missions are related to exploring the various facets of the Moon?
1. Artemis-I
2. Chang'e 4 project
3. VIPER Mission
4. Hope Mission
5. Crew 2 Mission
Choose the correct answer using the codes given below:
1. 1, 2, 3 and 5 only
2. 2, 4 and 5 only
3. 1, 2 and 3 only
4. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5

Answer: 1, 2 and 3 only
Solution: The Artemis-I mission is NASA's first non-crew mission to the Moon, paving the stage for future human missions. The Chang'e 4 project is China's fourth lunar mission, and the VIPER Mission aims to explore the Moon's South Pole region. The Hope Mission is related to Mars, and the Crew 2 Mission is not focused on the Moon. Therefore, the correct options are 1, 2, and 3 only.

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Q2. NASA's rover Perseverance to begin dropping samples of rock on the surface of the Planet _____
1. Roscosmos, Jupiter
2. ISRO, Mars
3. NASA, Mars
4. JAXA, Earth

Answer: NASA, Mars
Solution: NASA's Perseverance rover is designed to explore Mars and has begun dropping samples of rock on its surface, marking a significant milestone in the search for signs of life.

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Q3. Consider the following statements regarding Multi-Angle Imager for Aerosols Mission (MAIA):
1. It is a joint mission between NASA and the Italian Space Agency.
2. It aims to investigate the health impact of air pollution.
3. The duration of the mission is three years.
Which of the above statements are correct?
1. 1 and 2 only
2. 2 and 3 only
3. 1 and 3 only
4. 1, 2 and 3

Answer: 1, 2 and 3
Solution: The MAIA mission is indeed a joint mission between NASA and the Italian Space Agency, focusing on the health impacts of air pollution, and its duration is planned for three years.

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Q4. Consider the following statements:
1. The Perseverance rover is designed to explore the Jezero crater on Mars.
2. It is NASA's Mars rover with the primary objective of looking for signs of ancient microbial life.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
1. 1 Only
2. 2 Only
3. Both 1 and 2
4. Neither 1 nor 2

Answer: Both 1 and 2
Solution: Both statements are correct. The Perseverance rover is specifically designed to explore the Jezero crater on Mars and aims to search for signs of ancient microbial life.

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Q5. Consider the following about Cassini Mission:
1. It is a joint project between NASA, the European Space Agency and the Italian Space Agency.
2. Its recent findings show the presence of hydrogen cyanide on Saturn's icy moon Enceladus.
3. Methanol, Ethane, and Oxygen have also been found in the plumes of water vapour erupting from the surface of Enceladus.
How many of the above statements is/are correct?
1. Only one
2. Only two
3. All three
4. None

Answer: All three
Solution: All three statements are correct. The Cassini Mission was a collaboration among multiple space agencies and made significant discoveries regarding the presence of hydrogen cyanide and other compounds in Enceladus.

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Q6. Group Captains _______________ and Prasanth Balakrishnan Nair have been selected as prime and backup mission pilots for the Axiom-4 mission to the International Space Station (ISS).
1. Shubhanshu Shukla
2. Abhishek Nayar
3. Arjun Rastogi
4. Jagat Singh

Answer: Shubhanshu Shukla
Solution: Group Captain Shubhanshu Shukla has been selected as the prime pilot for the Axiom-4 mission, while Group Captain Prasanth Balakrishnan Nair serves as the backup pilot.

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Q7. Consider the following statements regarding Axiom Mission 4:
1. Axiom Mission 4 is a private spaceflight to the International Space Station (ISS), organized in collaboration with NASA.
2. The flight will use a SpaceX Crew Dragon spacecraft and will last for 14 days.
3. Two Indian astronauts have been chosen for the upcoming Axiom Mission 4 to the ISS.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
1. 1 only
2. 1 and 2 only
3. 2 and 3 only
4. 1, 2 and 3

Answer: Option 4
Solution: All statements are correct. Axiom Mission 4 is indeed a private spaceflight organized in collaboration with NASA, will utilize a SpaceX Crew Dragon spacecraft, and two Indian astronauts have been selected for this mission.

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Q8. What is the name of the astronaut who was selected for the Axiom-4 mission to the International Space Station (ISS) in August 2024?
1. Sharmila Bhattacharya
2. Ashwin Vasavada
3. Kamlesh Lulla
4. Shubhanshu Shukla

Answer: Shubhanshu Shukla
Solution: Shubhanshu Shukla has been selected for the Axiom-4 mission to the ISS in August 2024, marking a significant achievement for India in international space missions.

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Q9. With reference to ISRO's upcoming mission Shukrayaan-I, consider the following statements:
Shukrayaan is India's first mission to Saturn to study the planet's surface and atmosphere.
The satellite is planned to be launched onboard the GSLV Mk III rocket.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
1. I only
2. II only
3. Both I and II
4. None of the above

Answer: None of the above
Solution: Shukrayaan-I is not India's first mission to Saturn; it is a mission to Venus. The satellite is indeed planned to be launched onboard the GSLV Mk III rocket, but the first statement is incorrect.

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Q10. Which private company launched the lunar lander Athena to explore the Moon's south pole in February 2025?
1. Blue Origin
2. SpaceX
3. Intuitive Machines
4. Firefly Aerospace

Answer: Intuitive Machines
Solution: Intuitive Machines launched the lunar lander Athena on February 26, 2025, aboard a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket from NASA's Kennedy Space Center.

Also, Read about Axiom 4 Mission (Ax-4) for UPSC