NASA is a leader in working with other countries in space, partnering with over 100 nations. When NASA works with big international space groups like ESA (Europe), JAXA (Japan), and ISRO (India), it shows that more and more countries are cooperating peacefully in space. This teamwork is really important for tackling problems that affect everyone, like protecting Earth from asteroids or cleaning up space junk.

Through the Mars Telecommunication Orbiter (MTO) mission, NASA aims to study Mars, shedding light on its systems, operations, and the mysteries it holds.

• On Cancelled (was planned for ~2009-2010), NASA launched Mars Telecommunication Orbiter (MTO), initiating a mission aimed at advancing our knowledge of space.  
• The scientific community has identified a pressing need, and thus, the primary objective of this endeavor is to Provide high-bandwidth communications relay for Mars surface missions. The anticipated results are expected to be transformative.  
• The people chosen for this Mars orbiter (communications relay) received special training tailored to what the mission required.  
• The success of the entire mission depended on the Not applicable working without any problems and providing enough power. 
• The launch took place at Not applicable, marking the start of the mission. 
• From start to finish, the mission ran for Not applicable. 
• NASA (concept) was responsible for launching and monitoring the mission. 
• The final outcome of the mission was Cancelled (2005). 
• The mission had an estimated cost of ~$500 million (conceptual), aiming to expand humanity’s reach into deep space. 

Featuring Advanced Ka-band and optical communication systems (conceptual), Mars Telecommunication Orbiter (MTO) aims to collect unprecedented data and enable more autonomous mission operations.

To achieve autonomy objectives, Mars Telecommunication Orbiter (MTO) integrated Optical communications from Mars (conceptual), advancing NASA’s capabilities in onboard processing and intelligent control systems. In this article, lets understand more about Objectives, Key Technologies Used and Commercial Involvement Faced in NASAs Mars Telecommunication Orbiter (MTO) which is useful in UPSC Prelims & UPSC Mains Papers.

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NASA Mars Telecommunication Orbiter (MTO) Space Mission Overview 

Also, Checkout Sunita Williams’ Missions to the International Space Station

Mars Telecommunication Orbiter (MTO) Space Mission Global Contributions

• Not applicable were integrated into Mars Telecommunication Orbiter (MTO), enhancing the mission’s scientific capabilities and autonomous performance. 
• NASA established Not applicable to promote data accessibility and foster innovation across academic, government, and industry sectors. 
• Mars Telecommunication Orbiter (MTO) demonstrated a strong policy impact by Cancellation highlighted need for dedicated Mars relay infrastructure, fostering new partnerships and shaping future governance frameworks. 

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Challenges & Risk in Mars Telecommunication Orbiter (MTO) Space Mission

One of the most significant technical challenges faced by Mars Telecommunication Orbiter (MTO) was Cancelled due to budget reallocations within NASA, which was successfully mitigated using a combination of onboard automation and ground-based support systems.

• A key risk during Mars Telecommunication Orbiter (MTO) was Budgetary constraints, demanding both ground and onboard system adjustments. 
• As part of NASAs commitment to sustainable exploration, Mars Telecommunication Orbiter (MTO) resulted in Not applicable. 

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Mission Timeline of Mars Telecommunication Orbiter (MTO) NASA Space Mission

• The proposal for this mission was recorded on Early 2000s. 
• The project passed its final design review on Not applicable, enabling progression to build phase. 
• The spacecraft was fully assembled on Not applicable, meeting all design and integration criteria. 
• The date Not applicable represented a pivotal moment as the mission entered its most critical phase. 
• NASA declared the Not applicable as the official end of the mission’s primary objectives, celebrating a successful outcome. 

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UPSC Relevance of Mars Telecommunication Orbiter (MTO)

• The Prelims syllabus integrates recent breakthroughs from NASA missions, emphasizing their impact on global scientific progress.
• General Studies Paper 3 includes NASA space missions under science and technology, especially focusing on innovations in space exploration and their global impact.
• GS Paper 4 of the UPSC IAS Exam could present ethical dilemmas regarding public spending on high-risk scientific missions, using NASA’s funding strategies to evaluate responsible resource use.
• NASA’s practices in public data dissemination, environmental monitoring, and international mission partnerships align well with themes in Geography, PSIR, and Public Administration optionals, particularly regarding transparency and global governance.

Also, Learn about International Space Station (ISS)

Past UPCS Mains PYQs on NASA Space Missions

Q1. Launched on 25th December 2021, the James Webb Space Telescope has been much in the news since then. What are its unique features which make it superior to its predecessor space telescopes? What are the key goals of this mission? What potential benefits does it hold for the human race? (2022, GS Paper 3) 

Q2. How does the Juno Mission of NASA help to understand the origin and evolution of the Earth? (2017, GS Paper 1)

Q3. The safe landing of the ‘Curiosity’ Rover under NASA’s space programme has sparked many possibilities. What are those and how could humankind benefit from them? (2012, GS Paper 2)

Past UPCS Prelims PYQs on NASA Space Missions

Q1 [2022]: Which one of the following statements best reflects the idea behind the “Fractional Orbital Bombardment System” often talked about in the media?

(a) A hypersonic missile is launched into space to counter the asteroid approaching the Earth and explode it in space.

(b) A spacecraft lands on another planet after making several orbital motions.

(c) A missile is put into a stable orbit around the Earth and deorbits over a target on the Earth.

(d) A spacecraft moves along a comet with the same speed and places a probe on its surface.

Answer: (c) A missile is put into a stable orbit around the Earth and deorbits over a target on the Earth.

Explanation: While this question pertains to a military concept, NASAs research into orbital mechanics and space trajectories contributes to the broader understanding of such technologies.

Q2 [2020]: “The experiment will employ a trio of spacecraft flying in formation in the shape of an equilateral triangle that has sides one million kilometres long, with lasers shining between the craft.” The experiment in question refers to:

(a) Voyager-2

(b) New Horizons

(c) Lisa Pathfinder

(d) Evolved LISA

Answer: (d) Evolved LISA

Explanation: Evolved LISA (Laser Interferometer Space Antenna) is a space-based gravitational wave observatory developed by ESA with contributions from NASA.

Q3 [2017]: What is the purpose of ‘evolved Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (eLISA)’ project?

(a) To detect neutrinos

(b) To detect gravitational waves

(c) To detect the effectiveness of missile defence system

(d) To study the effect of solar flares on our communication systems

Answer: (b) To detect gravitational waves

Explanation: Evolved Laser Space Interferometer Space Antenna (ELISA) project was widely in the news due to the discovery of gravitational waves by the LIGO detector and the subsequent success of the LISA pathfinder project. The European Space Agency is leading the ELISA mission. The project is initiated to detect and accurately measure gravitational waves.

Q4 [2016]: What is ‘Greased Lightning-10 (GL-10)’, recently in the news?

(a) Electric plane tested by NASA

(b) Solar-powered two-seater aircraft designed by Japan

(c) Space observatory launched by China

(d) Reusable rocket designed by ISRO

Answer: (a) Electric plane tested by NASA
educationprovince.com

Explanation: GL-10 is a remotely piloted plane similar to an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). It is designed and developed in such a way that it can take off like a helicopter and fly like an airplane. It is a battery-powered 10-engine with a wingspan of 3.05 meters. Eight electric motors are mounted on the wings. 2 electric motors are mounted on the tail. It weighs a maximum of 28.1 kilograms at takeoff. Due to its versatile vertical takeoff and landing ability, it produces less noise. It can be used as a UAV for small package delivery or vertical takeoff and landing, as well as long-endurance surveillance for agriculture, mapping, and other applications. Its modified scaled-up version can be used as a persons air vehicle.

Q5 [2015]: The term ‘Goldilocks Zone’ is often seen in the news in the context of:

(a) The limits of habitable zone above the surface of the Earth

(b) Regions inside the Earth where shale gas is available

(c) Search for the Earth-like planets in outer space

(d) Search for meteorites containing precious metals

Answer: (c) Search for the Earth-like planets in outer space

Explanation: The Goldilocks Zone is the livable zone around a star where the temperature is not too hot and not too cold for liquid water to exist on a planet. It is a metaphor for the childrens story Goldilocks and the Three Bears, in which a young girl selects from sets of three objects, eschewing the extremes (such as those that are enormous or small, hot or cold) and fixing on the one that is just right in the middle. The Goldilocks zone of the Sun surrounds the Earth. All of Earths water would freeze if it were found where the dwarf planet Pluto is; however, all of Earths water would boil out if it were found where Mercury is.

Also, Get to Know What was NASA's Parker Solar Probe Mission

UPSC Practice Questions on NASA Space Missions

Q1. In February 2021, which NASA rover landed on Mars?
1. Perseverance
2. Curiosity
3. Hope
4. Viking
Answer: Perseverance
Solution: The correct answer is Perseverance. National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA's Perseverance Rover has landed on Mars. This was one of the most crucial aspects of the Mars 2020 Mission. Perseverance is the most advanced, most expensive and most sophisticated mobile laboratory sent to Mars. It is different from previous missions because it is capable of drilling and collecting core samples of the most promising rocks and soils, and setting them aside in a cache on the surface of Mars. Landing Site: Jezero Crater an ancient river delta that has rocks and minerals that could only form in water. Landing: 18th February 2021.

Q2. Consider the following application of robotics in space
1. NASA launched the pathfinder mission with a robotic rover, Sojourner.
2. The Sojourner rover has an obstacle avoidance program embedded in it as well as the rover can plan and navigate its own route.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
1. 1 only
2. 2 only
3. Both 1 and 2
4. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: 2 only
Solution: The contribution of robots has been important for outer space exploration. Unmanned robotic spacecraft have been used for the exploration of planets, stars etc., by the space agencies such as NASA, ISRO and other space agencies. The Pathfinder mission that landed on Mars in 1997 used a robotic rover, Sojourner. The rover was equipped with an obstacle avoidance program and had the ability to plan and navigate routes for studying the surface of Mars. Hence statement 2 is Correct.

Q3. Who among the following led the guidance, operations and control operations of NASA's Mission Mars 2020?
1. Swati Mohan
2. Anita Sengupta
3. Ashwin Vasavada
4. Kamlesh Lulla
Answer: Swati Mohan
Solution: Swati Mohan led the guidance, operations and control operations of NASA's Mission Mars 2020. She is an Indian-American aerospace engineer, the head of guidance, navigation and control operations at the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory who recently landed the Perseverance rover on Mars.

Q4. Which of the following witnessed the birth of black holes for the five hundredth time in May 2022?
1. NuSTAR
2. Astrosat
3. AstroSat-2
4. Aditya-L1
Answer: Astrosat
Solution: Astrosat, India’s first dedicated astronomy mission, witnessed the birth of black holes for the five hundredth time on 20 May 2022. Astrosat with a lift-off mass of 1,515 kilograms was launched from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota, on 28 September 2015. It is the most sensitive space telescope in the world consisting of five instruments.

Q5. The James Webb Space Telescope was launched in December 2021 through.
1. Arian 2 rocket
2. Arian 4 rocket
3. Arian 5 rocket
4. Arian 1 rocket
Answer: Arian 5 rocket
Solution: The James Webb Space Telescope JWST is a 21st-century international space observatory that was launched on December 25, 2021. It arrived just at Sun-Earth L2 Lagrange point in January 2022. An Ariane 5 rocket carried the James Webb Space Telescope into orbit. The European Space Agency's contribution to the mission includes the launch vehicle and launch site.

Q6. In December 2022 which of the following Arab countries launched lunar spacecraft?
1. UAE
2. Saudi Arab
3. Qatar
4. Kuwait
Answer: UAE
Solution: UAE successfully launches first-ever Arab-Built lunar spacecraft. A SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket carried into space the first ever Arab-built lunar spacecraft, on 12 Dec 2022. It was launched from the Cape Canaveral Space Force Station in Florida. The Rashid Rover was built by Dubai’s Mohammed bin Rashid Space Centre MBRSC, in the United Arab Emirates UAE, and is being delivered by the HAKUTO-R lander, engineered by a Japanese lunar exploration company in space.

Q7. The MAVEN Mission, which was launched in 2013 is related to which of the following?
1. Study the asteroids
2. To know about Venus
3. Study the Martian upper atmosphere.
4. Study the southern part of the Moon
Answer: Study the Martian upper atmosphere.
Solution: The Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution MAVEN mission were launched in 2013. It is the first mission devoted to understanding the Martian upper atmosphere. The goal of this spacecraft is to determine the role that loss of atmospheric gas to space played in changing the Martian climate through time.

Q8. Consider the following statements regarding Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope:
1. Its objective is to aid in the understanding of dark energy, dark matter, exoplanets, and infrared astrophysics.
2. It will be situated or parked in the Lagrange point.
3. Its field view will be greater than the Hubble Telescope.
Which of the above statements are correct?
1. 1 and 2 only
2. 2 and 3 only
3. 1 and 3 only
4. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: 1, 2 and 3
Solution: The Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope or Roman Space Telescope RST is a NASA deep space infrared observatory. RST will help answer essential astrophysics questions about dark energy, dark matter, exoplanets, and infrared astrophysics. It is set to launch around 2026 or 2027. The mission is projected to last for five years. RST will be situated at Lagrange point 2, a stable gravitational point between Earth and the Sun. The primary mirror of the RST has a diameter of 2.4 meters, the same size as the mirror of the Hubble Space Telescope. It will have a field of view that is 100 times greater than the Hubble infrared instrument, capturing more of the sky with less observing time.

Q9. OneWeb will launch 36 satellites with which organization for low-orbit connectivity?
1. NASA
2. ISRO
3. ROSCOSMOS
4. CNSA
Answer: ISRO
Solution: OneWeb, the Low Earth orbit LEO satellite company, will launch 36 satellites with Indian Space Research Organisation ISRO on 26 March 2023. The launch aims at completing the first-generation LEO constellation and enabling the initiation of global coverage in 2023. The mission marks OneWeb’s second satellite deployment from India with the collaboration between the UK and India.

Q10. Who among the following are among the 4 astronauts who will venture around the Moon on Artemis II as announced by NASA and the Canadian Space Agency on 4 April 2023?
1. Jeremy Hansen
2. Victor Glover
3. Christina Koch
4. Reid Wiseman
1. 1, 2 and 3
2. 1, 3 and 4
3. 2, 3 and 4
4. All 1, 2, 3 and 4
Answer: All 1, 2, 3 and 4
Solution: The National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA and the Canadian Space Agency CSA on 4 April 2023 announced the 4 astronauts who will venture around the Moon on Artemis II. The astronauts are Jeremy Hansen, Victor Glover, Christina Koch, and Reid Wiseman of NASA. The mission is scheduled to launch in November 2024 and will be the first crewed moon trip in fifty years.

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Also, Read about Axiom 4 Mission (Ax-4) for UPSC