NASA is a leader in working with other countries in space, partnering with over 100 nations. When NASA works with big international space groups like ESA (Europe), JAXA (Japan), and ISRO (India), it shows that more and more countries are cooperating peacefully in space. This teamwork is really important for tackling problems that affect everyone, like protecting Earth from asteroids or cleaning up space junk.

In this article we have covered about STS-100 Endeavour ISS Assembly Canadarm2 for UPSC CSE Examination which will operate in or around International Space Station (ISS), offering an in-depth look at its orbital dynamics, onboard experiments, and contributions to our understanding of space.

• The successful launch of STS-100 Endeavour ISS Assembly Canadarm2 on April 19, 2001 set the stage for important scientific advancements.  
• The overarching objective driving this initiative is to Deliver Canadarm2 (SSRMS) and Rafaello MPLM to ISS; achieving this will mark a significant milestone in space exploration and technological capability.  
• The unique difficulties of a Crewed ISS assembly and logistics flight (6A) required the whole team to think creatively to find solutions.  
• The flight path for the Space Shuttle (Endeavour OV-105) was charted with extraordinary precision by astrodynamicists. 
• Kennedy Space Center, LC-39A was the location where the mission was launched. 
• It remained active for 11 days, 21 hours, 31 minutes, 14 seconds. 
• The operation was carried out under the leadership of NASA, CSA (Canadian Space Agency), ASI (Italian Space Agency). 
• Overall, the mission was Completed (Successful), meeting most of its objectives. 

STS-100 Endeavour ISS Assembly Canadarm2 introduced Canadarm2 (Space Station Remote Manipulator System), Rafaello MPLM, enhancing NASAs ability to conduct advanced research in deep space environments.

STS-100 Endeavour ISS Assembly Canadarm2 showcases Installation and activation of ISS primary robotic arm, marking a significant step toward intelligent, self-directed exploration missions. This comprehensive article on NASA STS-100 Endeavour ISS Assembly Canadarm2 Space mission helps UPSC aspirants understand the full life cycle of a modern space mission which is relevant for GS Paper 2, GS Paper 3, GS Paper 4, and Essay.

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NASA STS-100 Endeavour ISS Assembly Canadarm2 Space Mission Overview 

Also, Checkout Sunita Williams’ Missions to the International Space Station

STS-100 Endeavour ISS Assembly Canadarm2 Space Mission Global Contributions

STS-100 Endeavour ISS Assembly Canadarm2 was jointly executed with Canada (Canadarm2), Italy (Rafaello MPLM), promoting shared research in autonomous and remote space systems.

• NASA’s STS-100 Endeavour ISS Assembly Canadarm2 benefited from Canadarm2 from Canada, MPLM from Italy, which supported advanced data collection and autonomous experimentation. 
• Companies like MDA (Canadarm2), Thales Alenia Space (MPLM) brought specialized expertise that improved cost-effectiveness and technological performance. 
• STS-100 Endeavour ISS Assembly Canadarm2 had a significant impact on global space policy as Provided ISS with crucial robotic capability for future assembly, influencing international collaboration and setting new standards for space exploration. 

Challenges & Risk in STS-100 Endeavour ISS Assembly Canadarm2 Space Mission

Even with substantial challenges such as Computer glitches with Canadarm2 during initial checkouts, STS-100 Endeavour ISS Assembly Canadarm2 was able to maintain operational continuity through rigorous diagnostics, system calibration, and expert mission control intervention.

• Despite hurdles such as Two EVAs for Canadarm2 installation, STS-100 Endeavour ISS Assembly Canadarm2 proceeded as planned with only minor adjustments. 

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Mission Timeline of STS-100 Endeavour ISS Assembly Canadarm2 NASA Space Mission

• On May 1, 2001 (Landing at Edwards AFB), mission control confirmed the spacecraft’s successful encounter with its target, with all systems performing as expected. 
• The date May 1, 2001 marked the successful conclusion of the missions scheduled scientific and operational tasks. 

Get to Know the detailed UPSC Syllabus for IAS Prelims & Mains Exam!

UPSC Relevance of STS-100 Endeavour ISS Assembly Canadarm2

• The Prelims syllabus integrates recent breakthroughs from NASA missions, emphasizing their impact on global scientific progress.
• Discussions in GS Paper 2 about international cooperation in space exploration can reference NASA’s joint missions with other countries and agencies.
• In the UPSC CSE General Studies Paper 4 (Ethics, Integrity, and Aptitude), NASA’s practice of making satellite and mission data publicly accessible can be used to illustrate institutional commitment to transparency.
• From the use of satellite imagery in remote sensing (Geography) to space-based diplomacy (PSIR) and organizational leadership in mission planning (Public Administration), NASA missions support diverse analytical frameworks across optional papers.

Also, Learn about International Space Station (ISS)

Past UPCS Mains PYQs on NASA Space Missions

Q1. Launched on 25th December 2021, the James Webb Space Telescope has been much in the news since then. What are its unique features which make it superior to its predecessor space telescopes? What are the key goals of this mission? What potential benefits does it hold for the human race? (2022, GS Paper 3) 

Q2. How does the Juno Mission of NASA help to understand the origin and evolution of the Earth? (2017, GS Paper 1)

Q3. The safe landing of the ‘Curiosity’ Rover under NASA’s space programme has sparked many possibilities. What are those and how could humankind benefit from them? (2012, GS Paper 2)

Past UPCS Prelims PYQs on NASA Space Missions

Q1 [2022]: Which one of the following statements best reflects the idea behind the “Fractional Orbital Bombardment System” often talked about in the media?

(a) A hypersonic missile is launched into space to counter the asteroid approaching the Earth and explode it in space.

(b) A spacecraft lands on another planet after making several orbital motions.

(c) A missile is put into a stable orbit around the Earth and deorbits over a target on the Earth.

(d) A spacecraft moves along a comet with the same speed and places a probe on its surface.

Answer: (c) A missile is put into a stable orbit around the Earth and deorbits over a target on the Earth.

Explanation: While this question pertains to a military concept, NASAs research into orbital mechanics and space trajectories contributes to the broader understanding of such technologies.

Q2 [2020]: “The experiment will employ a trio of spacecraft flying in formation in the shape of an equilateral triangle that has sides one million kilometres long, with lasers shining between the craft.” The experiment in question refers to:

(a) Voyager-2

(b) New Horizons

(c) Lisa Pathfinder

(d) Evolved LISA

Answer: (d) Evolved LISA

Explanation: Evolved LISA (Laser Interferometer Space Antenna) is a space-based gravitational wave observatory developed by ESA with contributions from NASA.

Q3 [2017]: What is the purpose of ‘evolved Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (eLISA)’ project?

(a) To detect neutrinos

(b) To detect gravitational waves

(c) To detect the effectiveness of missile defence system

(d) To study the effect of solar flares on our communication systems

Answer: (b) To detect gravitational waves

Explanation: Evolved Laser Space Interferometer Space Antenna (ELISA) project was widely in the news due to the discovery of gravitational waves by the LIGO detector and the subsequent success of the LISA pathfinder project. The European Space Agency is leading the ELISA mission. The project is initiated to detect and accurately measure gravitational waves.

Q4 [2016]: What is ‘Greased Lightning-10 (GL-10)’, recently in the news?

(a) Electric plane tested by NASA

(b) Solar-powered two-seater aircraft designed by Japan

(c) Space observatory launched by China

(d) Reusable rocket designed by ISRO

Answer: (a) Electric plane tested by NASA
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Explanation: GL-10 is a remotely piloted plane similar to an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). It is designed and developed in such a way that it can take off like a helicopter and fly like an airplane. It is a battery-powered 10-engine with a wingspan of 3.05 meters. Eight electric motors are mounted on the wings. 2 electric motors are mounted on the tail. It weighs a maximum of 28.1 kilograms at takeoff. Due to its versatile vertical takeoff and landing ability, it produces less noise. It can be used as a UAV for small package delivery or vertical takeoff and landing, as well as long-endurance surveillance for agriculture, mapping, and other applications. Its modified scaled-up version can be used as a persons air vehicle.

Q5 [2015]: The term ‘Goldilocks Zone’ is often seen in the news in the context of:

(a) The limits of habitable zone above the surface of the Earth

(b) Regions inside the Earth where shale gas is available

(c) Search for the Earth-like planets in outer space

(d) Search for meteorites containing precious metals

Answer: (c) Search for the Earth-like planets in outer space

Explanation: The Goldilocks Zone is the livable zone around a star where the temperature is not too hot and not too cold for liquid water to exist on a planet. It is a metaphor for the childrens story Goldilocks and the Three Bears, in which a young girl selects from sets of three objects, eschewing the extremes (such as those that are enormous or small, hot or cold) and fixing on the one that is just right in the middle. The Goldilocks zone of the Sun surrounds the Earth. All of Earths water would freeze if it were found where the dwarf planet Pluto is; however, all of Earths water would boil out if it were found where Mercury is.

Also, Get to Know What was NASA's Parker Solar Probe Mission

UPSC Practice Questions on NASA Space Missions

Q1. In which year did ISRO launch the Mars Orbiter Mission?
1. 2012
2. 2015
3. 2014
4. 2013
Answer: 4
Solution: ISRO launched its Mars Orbiter Mission on 5th November 2013. It was the maiden interplanetary mission of ISRO. The mission got inserted into Martian orbit on 24th September 2014 in its first attempt. The mission completed its 1000 Earth days in its orbit on 19th June 2017. The mission was launched with an objective to explore and observe Mars surface features, morphology, mineralogy and the Martian atmosphere. Mars Orbiter Mission was launched with an XL variant of the PSLV, PSLV C-25. Mars Orbiter Mission made ISRO the fourth space agency to achieve this feat after Roscosmos, NASA, and the European Space Agency. India is the first Asian country to reach Martian orbit as well as the first nation in the world to achieve this in its maiden attempt. The Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM) is also called Mangalyaan.

Q2. Landsat 9 is a joint mission of which of the following organizations?
1. National Aeronautics and Space Administration and European Space Agency
2. National Aeronautics and Space Administration and US Geological Survey
3. European Space Agency and US Geological Survey
4. National Aeronautics and Space Administration and Indian Space Research Organisation
Answer: 2
Solution: Recently, NASA has launched an earth monitoring satellite called Landsat 9 from Vandenberg Space Force Base in California. The satellite is a joint mission of NASA and the US Geological Survey. This satellite is referred to as NASA's new eye in the sky that will help study climate change. Landsat-9 is the continuation of a series of Earth-observing spacecraft stretching back almost 50 years. The first Landsat satellite was launched in 1972 and since then, Landsat satellites have collected images of earth and helped understand how land usage has changed over the decades. In 2008, it was decided that all Landsat images will be free and publicly available and the policy has helped scores of researchers, farmers, policy analysts, glaciologists, and seismologists. Landsat images have been used to study the health of forests, coral reefs, monitor water quality and melting glaciers. The Landsat 9 joins Landsat 8 that was launched in 2013 and the satellites together will collect images of Earth’s surface. It takes 8 days to capture the whole Earth. Landsat 9 carries instruments similar to the other Landsat satellites, but it is the most technologically advanced satellite of its generation. The instruments aboard Landsat 9 are the Operational Land Imager 2 and the Thermal Infrared Sensor 2. OLI-2 captures sunlight reflected off Earth’s surface and studies the visible, near-infrared, and short wave infrared portions of the spectrum. TIRS-2 has a four-element refractive telescope and photosensitive detectors that capture thermal radiation and help study the Earth’s surface temperature. Along with the European Union’s Sentinel-2 satellites, the Landsat Satellite will provide better estimation of the extent of climate change.

Q3. Recently the Voyager - 2 mission was in the news. Consider the following statements about this mission.
1. This mission was launched by the European Space Agency.
2. This mission was launched for the study of the jovian planet Jupiter and Saturn.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
1. 1 only
2. 2 only
3. Both 1 and 2
4. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: 4
Solution: Voyager 2 is a space probe launched by NASA to study the outer planets and interstellar space beyond the Sun's heliosphere. A part of the Voyager program, it was launched 16 days before its twin, Voyager 1, on a trajectory that took longer to reach Jupiter and Saturn but enabled further encounters with Uranus and Neptune. Hence statement 1 is Incorrect. It is the only spacecraft to have visited either of these two ice giant planets. Voyager 2 was the fourth of five spacecraft to achieve the Solar escape velocity which allowed it to leave the Solar System. Voyager 2 successfully fulfilled its primary mission of visiting the Jovian system in 1979, the Saturnian system in 1981, Uranian system in 1986, and the Neptunian system in 1989. Voyager 2 is now in its extended mission of studying Interstellar Space and has been operating for 44 years and 9 days. Voyager 2 has begun to provide the first direct measurements of the density and temperature of the interstellar plasma. Voyager 2 remains in contact with Earth through the NASA Deep Space Network. In 2020, maintenance to the Deep Space Network cut outbound contact with the probe for eight months. Contact was reestablished on November 2, 2020, when a series of instructions was transmitted, subsequently executed, and relayed back with a successful communication message.

Q4. Which of the following instruments is not a part of NASA’s Psyche Mission?
1. X-band Gravity Science Investigation
2. Gamma Ray and Neutron Spectrometer
3. Multispectral Imager
4. Alpha-particle X-ray spectrometer
Answer: 4
Solution: NASA’s Psyche mission is a mission going to be launched in August 2022. It will be the first launch to explore a giant metal asteroid known as Psyche in the main asteroid belt. The mission is being led by Arizona State University. Mission management, navigation and its operations will be done by NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The mission will be launched in August 2022 from Kennedy Space Center, Florida. It is expected to arrive on the Psyche asteroid in 2026. It is one of the two missions of NASA to explore the Solar System. The Lucy mission is another mission that will explore Jupiter’s Trojan asteroids. The mission will spend 21 months studying and mapping the asteroid Psyche. Instruments on Psyche mission include X-band Gravity Science Investigation, Gamma Ray and Neutron Spectrometer, Multispectral Imager, and Magnetometer. Objectives of the mission include understanding how planets and other bodies separated into layers such as cores, mantles, and crusts, examining an asteroid psyche that is made of metal, and exploring the early ages of the solar system.

Q5. Who is the record holder for single longest space flight by NASA astronaut abroad the International Space Station?
1. Anton Sheaplerov
2. Pyotr Dubrov
3. Mark Vande Hei
4. None of the above
Answer: 3
Solution: NASA astronaut Mark Vande Hei completed a single mission aboard the International Space Station of 355 days on 30 March 2021. Mark T. Vande Hei was selected by NASA in 2009. Born in Virginia then raised in New Jersey and Minnesota, Vande Hei earned a Bachelor of Science in Physics from Saint John's University and a Master of Science in Applied Physics from Stanford University. He was commissioned in the U.S. Army through the ROTC program and served as a combat engineer. In 1999, he became an assistant professor of physics at the United States Military Academy in West Point. After extending the record for the longest single spaceflight in history by an American to 355 days, NASA astronaut Mark Vande Hei returned to Earth on Wednesday, March 30.

Q6. Which of the following missions are related to exploring the various facets of the Moon?
1. Artemis-I
2. Chang’e 4 project
3. VIPER Mission
4. Hope Mission
5. Crew 2 Mission
Choose the correct answer using the codes given below:
1. 1, 2, 3 and 5 only
2. 2, 4 and 5 only
3. 1, 2 and 3 only
4. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5
Answer: 3
Solution: The National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA of the United States is set to launch the Artemis-1 mission, which will take humans back to the Moon after more than half a century. Artemis-1 will be NASA's first non-crew mission to the Moon in recent history, paving the stage for the human orbital mission Artemis-2 and manned landing mission Artemis 3 in 2025. The Artemis mission is touted as the next generation of lunar exploration and is named after the twin sister of Apollo from Greek mythology. It is the first in a series of increasingly complex missions that will enable human exploration to the Moon and Mars. With the Artemis programme, NASA aims to land humans on the moon by 2024, and it also plans to land the first woman and first person of colour on the moon. Chang’e 4 is the fourth mission in China’s lunar mission series which is named after the Chinese moon goddess. The tasks of the Chang’e-4 probe include low-frequency radio astronomical observation, surveying the terrain and landforms, detecting the mineral composition, and measuring the neutron radiation and neutral atoms to study the environment on the far side of the moon. VIPER stands for Volatiles Investigating Polar Exploration Rover. It is a mobile robot with objectives to explore the Moon’s South Pole region, help create lunar resource maps, evaluate the concentration of water as well as other potential resources on its surface, and to understand if it is possible for human life to sustain there, by using locally available resources. It is the first resource mapping mission on any other celestial body. NASA’s Commercial Lunar Payload Services CLPS will be providing the launch vehicle and lander for what’s going to be a 100-day mission. The Hope mission is UAE, the Arab world’s first mission to Mars. The primary objective of the mission is to study Martian weather dynamics. Crew 2 Mission is a NASA program with the main objective to make access to space easier in terms of its cost, so that cargo and crew can be easily transported to and from the ISS, enabling greater scientific research.

Q7. _______ has successfully launched the pulsar navigation satellite XPNAV-1.
1. India
2. China
3. USA
4. Japan
Answer: 2
Solution: China successfully launched the pulsar navigation satellite XPNAV-1 in 2016. The satellite XPNAV-1 stands for X-ray pulsar navigation. It was launched from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center. The weight of the satellite is more than 200 kg and it operates in a Sun-synchronous orbit.

Q8. The GREAT instrument onboard NASA’s Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy measured the ratio of main to heavy oxygen in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere. Heavy oxygen contains how many neutrons?
1. 8
2. 10
3. 12
4. 14
Answer: 2
Solution: The GREAT instrument onboard NASA’s Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy SOFIA measured the ratio of main to heavy oxygen in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere. This made the first spectroscopic detection of heavy oxygen outside a laboratory. Heavy oxygen 18O is so called because it has 10 neutrons, rather than the normal eight of main oxygen 16O, the form we breathe. Heavy oxygen is seen as a signature of biological activity, common in the lower atmosphere. Both forms are byproducts of photosynthesis, but the main oxygen is consumed by the respiration of living things more than its heavy counterpart, leaving a larger concentration of heavy oxygen behind. Measuring heavy oxygen is complex because it looks so similar to main oxygen.

Q9. The PSLV C34 rocket was launched from the Satish Dhawan Space Center in Sriharikota to put 22 satellites into orbit. This has happened for the first time in the history of _______.
1. NASA
2. Roscosmos
3. ISRO
4. CSA
Answer: 3
Solution: Indian Space Research Organisation ISRO was established in 1969 and is headquartered in Bengaluru, India. ISRO is the space agency of India, responsible for the nation's space research and exploration efforts. It has successfully launched various satellites for communication, remote sensing, and navigation, and has also undertaken lunar and Mars missions, such as the Chandrayaan and Mars Orbiter Mission Mangalyaan respectively.

Also, Read about Axiom 4 Mission (Ax-4) for UPSC