With more and more missions planned for the Moon, Mars, and even asteroids, NASA continues to lead the way in exploring deep space. Its work influences how countries around the world think about space, how we discuss environmental issues, and it inspires people to study and learn more – making NASA a fascinating topic from many different angles.

In this article, we will go deeper about the VERITAS Venus Orbiter Mission (Venus Emissivity, Radio Science, InSAR, Topography, and Spectroscopy) mission for UPSC CSE Examination which was launched to reach Venus, enhancing our understanding of its dynamics, importance in space science, and long-term mission utility.

• NASA’s VERITAS Venus Orbiter Mission (Venus Emissivity, Radio Science, InSAR, Topography, and Spectroscopy) lifted off on Planned no earlier than 2031 (subject to program review), embarking on a critical journey beyond Earth.  
• The overarching objective driving this initiative is to Map Venus surface topography and geology; understand its evolution; achieving this will mark a significant milestone in space exploration and technological capability.  
• The detailed discussions after the Venus orbiter (Discovery Program) provided very useful lessons for missions in the future.  
• Mission planners selected the To be determined due to its established reliability and successful flight history. 
• The launch took place at To be determined, marking the start of the mission. 
• The mission was carried out over a period of 3 Venus years for science operations (planned). 
• The mission was organized and implemented by NASA. 
• Mission result: In development (currently under review, launch delayed). 
• The mission had an estimated cost of ~$15 billion (initial estimate), aiming to expand humanity’s reach into deep space. 

Featuring VISAR (SAR instrument), VEM (infrared spectrometer), gravity science investigation, VERITAS Venus Orbiter Mission (Venus Emissivity, Radio Science, InSAR, Topography, and Spectroscopy) aims to collect unprecedented data and enable more autonomous mission operations.

NASA’s VERITAS Venus Orbiter Mission (Venus Emissivity, Radio Science, InSAR, Topography, and Spectroscopy) used High-resolution synthetic aperture radar (SAR) for Venus mapping to push the boundaries of robotic intelligence and spacecraft autonomy. By exploring international partnerships, data-sharing frameworks, and global policy impacts, this article on NASAs VERITAS Venus Orbiter Mission (Venus Emissivity, Radio Science, InSAR, Topography, and Spectroscopy) Space Mission offers valuable insights for UPSC Prelims and Mains GS Paper 2, GS Paper 3 and Essay preparation.

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NASA VERITAS Venus Orbiter Mission (Venus Emissivity, Radio Science, InSAR, Topography, and Spectroscopy) Space Mission Overview 

Also, Checkout Sunita Williams’ Missions to the International Space Station

VERITAS Venus Orbiter Mission (Venus Emissivity, Radio Science, InSAR, Topography, and Spectroscopy) Space Mission Global Contributions

VERITAS Venus Orbiter Mission (Venus Emissivity, Radio Science, InSAR, Topography, and Spectroscopy) highlights the role of Contributions from DLR (Germany), ASI (Italy), CNES (France) to VEM in contributing to autonomous systems and shared space objectives.

• VERITAS Venus Orbiter Mission (Venus Emissivity, Radio Science, InSAR, Topography, and Spectroscopy) carried Instrument components from European partners designed to enable new research capabilities and reduce reliance on Earth-based operations. 
• With support from JPL (project management), Lockheed Martin (spacecraft), the mission benefitted from streamlined production, modern engineering, and rapid integration. 
• NASA established Data will be archived in NASA PDS to promote data accessibility and foster innovation across academic, government, and industry sectors. 
• The global significance of VERITAS Venus Orbiter Mission (Venus Emissivity, Radio Science, InSAR, Topography, and Spectroscopy) was reflected in its role as Will provide detailed global maps of Venus, influencing the way nations coordinate and plan space missions. 

Challenges & Risk in VERITAS Venus Orbiter Mission (Venus Emissivity, Radio Science, InSAR, Topography, and Spectroscopy) Space Mission

The complexity of VERITAS Venus Orbiter Mission (Venus Emissivity, Radio Science, InSAR, Topography, and Spectroscopy) increased due to issues like Recent programmatic budget constraints and launch delays, but thanks to swift identification and mitigation techniques, the mission was able to continue its objectives with minimal disruption.

• VERITAS Venus Orbiter Mission (Venus Emissivity, Radio Science, InSAR, Topography, and Spectroscopy) navigated technical risks, including Operating in Venus thermal environment, radar performance, by deploying robust backup protocols and hardware redundancy. 
• The final status of the spacecraft from VERITAS Venus Orbiter Mission (Venus Emissivity, Radio Science, InSAR, Topography, and Spectroscopy) — Will orbit Venus — reflects NASA’s evolving approach to mission lifecycle management. 

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Mission Timeline of VERITAS Venus Orbiter Mission (Venus Emissivity, Radio Science, InSAR, Topography, and Spectroscopy) NASA Space Mission

• The foundation for this mission was laid on Selected 2021, when the proposal was first introduced. 
• NASA held its formal design review meeting on To be determined. 
• The mission team achieved a critical milestone on To be determined, with the spacecrafts final assembly phase completed. 
• On Venus orbit insertion TBD, the spacecraft reached its designated target, transmitting valuable data back to Earth. 
• On 3 Venus years after start of science ops (planned), all core mission tasks were completed, marking the official end of the spacecraft’s planned journey. 

Get to Know the detailed UPSC Syllabus for IAS Prelims & Mains Exam!

UPSC Relevance of VERITAS Venus Orbiter Mission (Venus Emissivity, Radio Science, InSAR, Topography, and Spectroscopy)

• As a leader in space exploration, NASA’s missions provide important context for questions on scientific innovations in the UPSC Prelims.
• The application of space-based data for disaster management and weather forecasting—an area where NASA contributes significantly—is important for GS Paper 3.
• Questions in General Studies Paper 4 (Ethics) under the UPSC CSE Exam may reference NASA’s planetary exploration policies to discuss intergenerational responsibility and long-term sustainability ethics.
• UPSC optional subjects like PSIR, Anthropology, and Public Administration can benefit from NASA examples when discussing themes like soft power, collective leadership, and institutional accountability in high-stakes missions.

Also, Learn about International Space Station (ISS)

Past UPCS Mains PYQs on NASA Space Missions

Q1. Launched on 25th December 2021, the James Webb Space Telescope has been much in the news since then. What are its unique features which make it superior to its predecessor space telescopes? What are the key goals of this mission? What potential benefits does it hold for the human race? (2022, GS Paper 3) 

Q2. How does the Juno Mission of NASA help to understand the origin and evolution of the Earth? (2017, GS Paper 1)

Q3. The safe landing of the ‘Curiosity’ Rover under NASA’s space programme has sparked many possibilities. What are those and how could humankind benefit from them? (2012, GS Paper 2)

Past UPCS Prelims PYQs on NASA Space Missions

Q1 [2022]: Which one of the following statements best reflects the idea behind the “Fractional Orbital Bombardment System” often talked about in the media?

(a) A hypersonic missile is launched into space to counter the asteroid approaching the Earth and explode it in space.

(b) A spacecraft lands on another planet after making several orbital motions.

(c) A missile is put into a stable orbit around the Earth and deorbits over a target on the Earth.

(d) A spacecraft moves along a comet with the same speed and places a probe on its surface.

Answer: (c) A missile is put into a stable orbit around the Earth and deorbits over a target on the Earth.

Explanation: While this question pertains to a military concept, NASAs research into orbital mechanics and space trajectories contributes to the broader understanding of such technologies.

Q2 [2020]: “The experiment will employ a trio of spacecraft flying in formation in the shape of an equilateral triangle that has sides one million kilometres long, with lasers shining between the craft.” The experiment in question refers to:

(a) Voyager-2

(b) New Horizons

(c) Lisa Pathfinder

(d) Evolved LISA

Answer: (d) Evolved LISA

Explanation: Evolved LISA (Laser Interferometer Space Antenna) is a space-based gravitational wave observatory developed by ESA with contributions from NASA.

Q3 [2017]: What is the purpose of ‘evolved Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (eLISA)’ project?

(a) To detect neutrinos

(b) To detect gravitational waves

(c) To detect the effectiveness of missile defence system

(d) To study the effect of solar flares on our communication systems

Answer: (b) To detect gravitational waves

Explanation: Evolved Laser Space Interferometer Space Antenna (ELISA) project was widely in the news due to the discovery of gravitational waves by the LIGO detector and the subsequent success of the LISA pathfinder project. The European Space Agency is leading the ELISA mission. The project is initiated to detect and accurately measure gravitational waves.

Q4 [2016]: What is ‘Greased Lightning-10 (GL-10)’, recently in the news?

(a) Electric plane tested by NASA

(b) Solar-powered two-seater aircraft designed by Japan

(c) Space observatory launched by China

(d) Reusable rocket designed by ISRO

Answer: (a) Electric plane tested by NASA
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Explanation: GL-10 is a remotely piloted plane similar to an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). It is designed and developed in such a way that it can take off like a helicopter and fly like an airplane. It is a battery-powered 10-engine with a wingspan of 3.05 meters. Eight electric motors are mounted on the wings. 2 electric motors are mounted on the tail. It weighs a maximum of 28.1 kilograms at takeoff. Due to its versatile vertical takeoff and landing ability, it produces less noise. It can be used as a UAV for small package delivery or vertical takeoff and landing, as well as long-endurance surveillance for agriculture, mapping, and other applications. Its modified scaled-up version can be used as a persons air vehicle.

Q5 [2015]: The term ‘Goldilocks Zone’ is often seen in the news in the context of:

(a) The limits of habitable zone above the surface of the Earth

(b) Regions inside the Earth where shale gas is available

(c) Search for the Earth-like planets in outer space

(d) Search for meteorites containing precious metals

Answer: (c) Search for the Earth-like planets in outer space

Explanation: The Goldilocks Zone is the livable zone around a star where the temperature is not too hot and not too cold for liquid water to exist on a planet. It is a metaphor for the childrens story Goldilocks and the Three Bears, in which a young girl selects from sets of three objects, eschewing the extremes (such as those that are enormous or small, hot or cold) and fixing on the one that is just right in the middle. The Goldilocks zone of the Sun surrounds the Earth. All of Earths water would freeze if it were found where the dwarf planet Pluto is; however, all of Earths water would boil out if it were found where Mercury is.

Also, Get to Know What was NASA's Parker Solar Probe Mission

UPSC Practice Questions on NASA Space Missions

Q1. Which of the following statements is are correct regarding the Perseverance Rover?
1. It is a mission developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation.
2. The mission is designed to better understand the geology of Mars and seek signs of ancient life.
3. It is the most advanced, most expensive and most sophisticated mobile laboratory sent to Mars.

Select the correct answer by using the codes given below.
1. 1 and 2 only
2. 2 and 3 only
3. 1 and 3 only
4. 1, 2 and 3

Answer: 2 and 3 only
Solution:
NASA's Perseverance rover has successfully collected its first rock sample for return to Earth. NASA has called it a perfect core sample. NASA plans to launch more spacecraft to retrieve the samples collected by Perseverance. Perseverance arrived in February 2021 at Mars Jezero Crater, the site on an ancient lake - in search of rocks that might hold evidence of ancient life.

Q2. The term MUSE is talked about in the context of
1. genes introduced in the genetically modified crops for the expression of pest resistant properties
2. a constellation of nine spacecraft that will capture the first multiscale in-space measurements of fluctuations in the magnetic field and motions of the solar wind known as solar wind turbulence
3. AI induced technique of identification of paw print of wildlife tigers under CA|TS
4. forces driving the heating of the Sun's corona and the eruptions in that outermost region that are at the foundation of space weather

Answer: option 4
Solution:
Recently, NASA has selected two science missions - the Multi-slit Solar Explorer (MUSE) and HelioSwarm - to help improve our understanding of the dynamics of the Sun, the Sun-Earth connection, and the constantly changing space environment.

Q3. Which of the following celestial bodies does NASA plan to explore through its mission Dragonfly?
1. Proxima Centauri
2. Sun
3. Uranus
4. Titan

Answer: Titan
Solution:
The largest and most organically rich moon of Saturn, Titan, will be visited by an 8-bladed rotorcraft as part of NASA's most recent solar system exploration project. Dragonfly, scheduled for launch in 2027 and arrival in 2034, will boost our hunt for the elements of life by sampling and inspecting dozens of intriguing sites surrounding Saturn's frozen moon. Dragonfly will explore Titan's diverse environments and take advantage of its dense nitrogen-based atmosphere.

Q4. Which of the following witnessed the birth of black holes for the five hundredth time in May 2022?
1. NuSTAR
2. Astrosat
3. AstroSat-2
4. Aditya-L1

Answer: Astrosat
Solution:
Astrosat, India’s first dedicated astronomy mission, witnessed the birth of black holes for the five hundredth time on 20 May 2022. Astrosat with a lift-off mass of 1,515 kilograms was launched from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota, on 28 September 2015. It is the most sensitive space telescope in the world consisting of five instruments.

Q5. Who is the record holder for single longest space flight by NASA astronaut aboard the International Space Station?
1. Anton Sheaplerov
2. Pyotr Dubrov
3. Mark Vande Hei
4. None of the above

Answer: Mark Vande Hei
Solution:
NASA astronaut Mark Vande Hei completed a single mission aboard the International Space Station of 355 days on 30 March 2021. He was selected by NASA in 2009. Born in Virginia then raised in New Jersey and Minnesota, Vande Hei earned a Bachelor of Science in Physics from Saint John's University and a Master of Science in Applied Physics from Stanford University. He was commissioned in the U.S. Army through the ROTC program and served as a combat engineer. After extending the record for the longest single spaceflight in history by an American to 355 days, NASA astronaut Mark Vande Hei returned to Earth on Wednesday, March 30.

Q6. Which of the following is are correctly Matched?
1. Hope Probe - Israel
2. Ingenuity Helicopter - NASA (USA)
3. Lunar Polar Exploration (LUPEX) - India
4. Tianwen-1 - China

Select the correct answer from the codes given Below
1. 1, 2 and 3 only
2. 2, 3 and 4 only
3. 1, 3 and 4 only
4. 1, 2, 3 and 4

Answer: 1, 2 and 3
Solution:
India and Japan are working together on a joint lunar polar exploration (LUPEX) mission that aims to send a lander and rover to the Moon's South Pole around 2024. The Chinese experiment Tianwen-1 is the first mission to Mars from China, successfully underwent orbital insertion on February 10.

Q7. _______ has successfully launched the pulsar navigation satellite XPNAV-1.
1. India
2. China
3. USA
4. Japan

Answer: China
Solution:
China successfully launched the pulsar navigation satellite XPNAV-1 in 2016. The satellite XPNAV-1 stands for X-ray pulsar navigation. It was launched from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center. The weight of the satellite is more than 200 kg and it operates in a Sun-synchronous orbit.

Q8. The spacecraft launched by NASA to study the Sun is -
1. Parker Solar Probe
2. Probing Sun
3. Mission on Sun
4. Hawking Solar Probe

Answer: option 1
Solution:
The Parker Solar Probe, launched by NASA on August 12, 2018, aims to study the outer corona of the Sun. Named after physicist Eugene Parker, pioneer in heliophysics and solar wind research, it utilizes a custom heat shield made of carbon-carbon composite to withstand extreme solar temperatures. Designed to approach the Sun within 3.83 million miles, closer than any previous spacecraft, it carries four instrument suites to measure magnetic fields, solar wind particles, and image the solar corona.

Q9. Curiosity rover, of which organisation, found new evidence of an ancient lake in the form of rocks etched with the ripples of waves in the foothills of a Martian mountain?
1. ESA
2. NASA
3. Roscosmos
4. JAXA

Answer: NASA
Solution:
NASA's Curiosity rover found new evidence of an ancient lake in the form of rocks etched with the ripples of waves in the foothills of a Martian mountain. The rover has found some of the clearest evidence of ancient waters. The evidence was found at an area called the sulfate-bearing unit. The Curiosity rover has been exploring the Martian surface since 2012.

Q10. Consider the following statements regarding Multi-Angle Imager for Aerosols Mission MAIA:
1. It is a joint mission between NASA and the Italian Space Agency.
2. It aims to investigate the health impact of air pollution.
3. The duration of the mission is three years.

Which of the above statements are correct?
1. 1 and 2 only
2. 2 and 3 only
3. 1 and 3 only
4. 1, 2 and 3

Answer: 1, 2 and 3
Solution:
Recently, NASA announced that it is partnering with the Italian Space Agency ASI to build and launch the MAIA mission. The MAIA mission will investigate the health impacts of air pollution in the world’s most populated cities. Its primary goal is to benefit societal health. The mission is set to last for three years and will focus on 11 primary target areas that include major urban centres across the world.

Also, Read about Axiom 4 Mission (Ax-4) for UPSC