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Home / IAS Preparation / Moderates vs Extremists

Difference Between Moderates and Extremists - List of Differences and Similarities [UPSC Notes]

Last Updated on Nov 12, 2024
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The difference between moderates and extremists depends on their perspectives and ideological thinking. Extremists and moderates establish two different ideological stances. The extremists have a foundation for their thoughts and views, whereas the moderates look at the world objectively. Another notable difference between moderates and radicals is that the former were believers and supporters of liberalism, and the latter strongly opposed British rule. Moderates believed that Britishers would eventually comprehend Indian citizens and take steps to improve their lives. The British, on the other hand, according to extremists, were unconcerned with the lives of Indian citizens.

The difference between the moderates and the extremist is one of the most important topics for the UPSC IAS Examination and Modern History Section of GS Paper 1 of the Mains Examination.

In this article, we shall learn the differences between Moderates and Extremists and the factors which led to the decline of the moderates and the rise of the extremist faction within Congress. This will be very helpful for aspirants in the UPSC Prelims Exam also.

Also, from the linked article, study the NCERT Notes on Fundamental Duties in India.

Difference between the moderates and extremists

In this table, we will discuss the key differences between the moderates and the extremists.

Parameter 

Moderates

Extremists

Objective
  • Demanded that more Indians be included within the British administration rather than complete expulsion of the British rule.
  • Gave more importance to constitutional and Administrative Reforms.
  •  They were more secular in their approach.
  • They demanded to completely expel British rule from India.
  • Their main aim was to secure complete Swaraj or self-rule.

Period of operation
  • They were active from 1885 to 1905.
  • While they were active from 1905 to 1920

Methods used
  • Moderates limited their struggle to constitutional means
  • They focused more on reconciling the British through a cooperative approach.
  • They relied on the three principles of protest, prayer, and petition.
  • Extra-constitutional methods were often during the activities by Extremists
  • They believed in using the principal of Atma Shakti for self Reliance as a tool to fight British dominance
  • They focused more on militant approaches while also advocating the principles of constitutionalism, democracy, and growth

Important leaders
  • Surendra Nath Banerjee, Madan Mohan Malviya, Justice Ranade, Subramaniyam Iyer, Dadabhai Naoroji, Firoz Shah Mehta, Krishna Gokhale, and Badruddin Tyabji were some of the important leaders.
  • Bipin Chandra Pal, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Ashwini Kumar Dutta Lala Lajpat Rai were some of the important leaders.

Contribution to the freedom struggle
  • They fought for the promotion of civil rights
  • They focussed more on criticizing the economic policies of the British colonial government
  • They were able to pass many constitutional reforms in the Indian legislature.
  • They focused on enhancing the voice of nationalism and encouraging the spread of national education in India.
  • Their main demand was focused on Swaraj and mass movement.
  • They laid a lot of emphasis on uplifting the socially downtrodden and encouraging Cooperative organizations.
  • They had set up many charitable associations to prevent the exploitation of the socially downtrodden especially during famines and other calamities.

Ideology
  • They focused more on adopting peaceful and non-violent opposition of the colonial government they believed that British would understand the demands of the Indians if proper constitutional methods are used to do so the Western philosophers like Spencer, Mill and Bentham inspired a lot of moderates in their ideas of equity, liberalism, democracy and freedom.
  • They used a lot more radical ways to demand the expulsion of British rule from India and thus ensure complete freedom.
  • They took inspiration from Indian culture, Indian history, national education, and traditional symbols of the Hindu religion.
  • That is why the festivals of Shivaji and Ganpati were used by them.
  • They were mainly guided by the principles of Swadeshi e Koma Swarajya by the Court of foreign goods and national education to raise awareness among the Indian population.

Learn about the Swadeshi Movement in detail to have a better understanding.

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Who Were the Moderates?

From 1858 until 1905, Early Nationalists who were ardent supporters of a liberal, moderate political philosophy and believed in constitutional methods of agitation led the Congress and the National Movement. Some moderate leaders are Dadabhai Naoroji, G Subramania Aiyer, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, etc. They were referred to as moderators.

Who Were the Extremists?

Extremist political ideas were popular within Congress due to the anti-Bengali partition movement. When the British government refused to split Bengal despite noisy protests from Bengalis and Indians, many young leaders lost hope and were labeled Neo-Nationalists or Extremists. Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, and Aurobindo Ghosh are well-known extreme leaders. They were called radicals because they thought only audacious actions could lead to victory.

Similarities Between Moderates and Extremists
  • The Swadeshi and Boycott movements emphasized the divisions between the two parties.
  • These two aggressively included female activists and college students, in contrast to earlier protests and campaigns.
  • The movements also extensively used the humanities, literature, science, and business.
  • Their impact extended beyond politics.
  • Many people had actively participated in various political actions since the masses were mobilized.
  • These two incidents opened the door for other confrontations and allowed extremists to take power.
  • Neither conversation nor leadership was lacking for the moderators.
  • Numerous organized political, social, and independence movements were established with their help.
  • They required new leaders because they needed help to keep up with the tempo of the conflict and the ideological shift.
  • Extremists managed to broaden their social base despite their lack of cohesiveness and dispersion.
  • The radical philosophy inspired the younger generation.
  • From being passive to rebellious and from being politically moderate to radical, people’s behaviour changed.
  • Extremism affected revivalism and obscurerism, but it also altered people’s perspectives.
  • Despite their flaws, both moderates and extremists contributed significantly to the cause of freedom.

Learn about the Important Indian National Congress Annual Sessions to better understand the timeline of events!

Conclusion

Indians experience inferiority when they romanticize western culture. The extremists aimed to instill a sense of pride and self-respect in the Indian people by making allusions to significant historical events and drawing inspiration from India’s past. They carried with them a wealth of Indian history, particularly the beliefs and culture of the Hindus. Also, the moderates laid the base for the growth of the Indian National Congress. Hence, both factions contributed in their capacity to enhance the social base of the Indian National Congress.

Check out the test series for UPSC IAS Exam here.

Moderates and Extremists Previous Year Questions

Q 1. Compare and Contrast the moderate and the extremist phase of the Indian National Congress. State the reasons for the rise of extremists in the Indian National Congress.

All your doubts regarding the Moderates and Extremists will be cleared after this article. You can download the Testbook App now to check out various other topics relevant to the UPSC IAS Exam.

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Moderates and extremists FAQs:

Moderates shared liberal political views and moderate ideals. They believed that once the British government was made aware of the plight of the Indian people, it would take all reasonable measures to improve conditions for the local population. Leaders of the extremist movements were steadfast in their conviction that the British did not have the interests of the Indian people in mind. It was clear from the government's inadequate response to a pandemic or famine.

Moderates believed that controlled agitation might work. They were also influenced by British ideals of fair play and justice. While extremists adopted a radical strategy. Independence was seen as a roadblock to hegemony by them.

Dadabhai Naoroji, Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee, G Subramania Aiyer, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Madan Mohan Malaviya, and Sir Surendranath Banerjee, are a few of the most prominent Moderate leaders.

Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, and Bipin Chandra Pal (the first three called Lal-Bal-Pal leading the extremist cause in Punjab, Bombay, and Bengal respectively.

derates were active from 1885 to 1905 and Extremists were active from 1905 to 1920.
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