Which of the following diseases is caused by Leishmania? 

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RRB Technician Grade III Official Paper (Held On: 28 Dec, 2024 Shift 2)
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  1. Dengue 
  2. Malaria 
  3. Kala-azar 
  4. Anaemia 

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 3 : Kala-azar 
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Detailed Solution

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The correct answer is Kala-azar.

Key Points

  • Kala-azar, also known as visceral leishmaniasis, is caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani.
  • The disease is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected female phlebotomine sandflies.
  • Symptoms of Kala-azar include prolonged fever, weight loss, enlargement of the spleen and liver, and anemia.
  • It primarily affects people in tropical and subtropical regions, including countries like India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Brazil, and Sudan.
  • Without treatment, Kala-azar can be fatal, but it is treatable with antileishmanial drugs such as Amphotericin B and Miltefosine.

Additional Information

  • Leishmaniasis
    • Leishmaniasis is a disease caused by infection with Leishmania parasites, which are spread by the bite of infected sandflies.
    • There are three main forms of leishmaniasis: visceral (Kala-azar), cutaneous, and mucocutaneous.
    • Cutaneous leishmaniasis causes skin sores, while mucocutaneous leishmaniasis can lead to ulcers in the mouth, nose, and throat.
  • Phlebotomine Sandflies
    • These are the vectors responsible for transmitting Leishmania parasites to humans.
    • They are tiny, about one-third the size of mosquitoes, and are typically active during dusk and dawn.
  • Diagnosis and Treatment
    • Diagnosis of Kala-azar often involves serological tests, bone marrow or spleen aspiration, and PCR testing.
    • Treatment includes antileishmanial medications such as Amphotericin B, Miltefosine, and Sodium Stibogluconate.
  • Prevention
    • Preventive measures include vector control through insecticide spraying, use of bed nets, and reducing exposure to sandfly bites.
    • Education and awareness campaigns are crucial in endemic areas to prevent the spread of the disease.
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