Which of the following diseases is caused by Leishmania? 

The correct answer is Kala-azar.

Key Points

• Kala-azar, also known as visceral leishmaniasis, is caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani.
• The disease is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected female phlebotomine sandflies.
• Symptoms of Kala-azar include prolonged fever, weight loss, enlargement of the spleen and liver, and anemia.
• It primarily affects people in tropical and subtropical regions, including countries like India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Brazil, and Sudan.
• Without treatment, Kala-azar can be fatal, but it is treatable with antileishmanial drugs such as Amphotericin B and Miltefosine.

Additional Information

• Leishmaniasis
  • Leishmaniasis is a disease caused by infection with Leishmania parasites, which are spread by the bite of infected sandflies.
  • There are three main forms of leishmaniasis: visceral (Kala-azar), cutaneous, and mucocutaneous.
  • Cutaneous leishmaniasis causes skin sores, while mucocutaneous leishmaniasis can lead to ulcers in the mouth, nose, and throat.
• Phlebotomine Sandflies
  • These are the vectors responsible for transmitting Leishmania parasites to humans.
  • They are tiny, about one-third the size of mosquitoes, and are typically active during dusk and dawn.
• Diagnosis and Treatment
  • Diagnosis of Kala-azar often involves serological tests, bone marrow or spleen aspiration, and PCR testing.
  • Treatment includes antileishmanial medications such as Amphotericin B, Miltefosine, and Sodium Stibogluconate.
• Prevention
  • Preventive measures include vector control through insecticide spraying, use of bed nets, and reducing exposure to sandfly bites.
  • Education and awareness campaigns are crucial in endemic areas to prevent the spread of the disease.