Cross-Text Connections MCQ Quiz - Objective Question with Answer for Cross-Text Connections - Download Free PDF

Last updated on Apr 8, 2025

Latest Cross-Text Connections MCQ Objective Questions

Cross-Text Connections Question 1:

Text 1: Social media platforms have transformed the way people communicate, offering instant connectivity and a platform for sharing information and ideas. However, concerns have been raised about the negative impact of social media on mental health, particularly among teenagers. Studies have linked excessive social media use to increased feelings of anxiety, depression, and loneliness.

Text 2: Psychologist Dr. Laura Green conducted a study to explore the relationship between social media use and mental health. She found that the impact of social media on mental health varies depending on how it is used. For example, active engagement, such as meaningful interactions and content creation, was associated with positive mental health outcomes, while passive consumption, such as scrolling through feeds without interaction, was linked to negative mental health outcomes.

Based on the texts, how would Dr. Laura Green (Text 2) most likely respond to the concerns about social media's impact on mental health discussed in Text 1?

  1. By arguing that social media has no impact on mental health
  2. By suggesting that all forms of social media use are harmful to mental health
  3. By acknowledging the concerns but emphasizing that the impact depends on how social media is used
  4. By claiming that social media always leads to positive mental health outcomes

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 3 : By acknowledging the concerns but emphasizing that the impact depends on how social media is used

Cross-Text Connections Question 1 Detailed Solution

Choice C is the best answer. Dr. Laura Green (Text 2) acknowledges the concerns about social media's impact on mental health (as discussed in Text 1) but emphasizes that the impact varies based on how social media is used. Active engagement is linked to positive outcomes, while passive consumption is linked to negative outcomes. Choice A is incorrect because Dr. Green acknowledges that social media can impact mental health. Choice B is incorrect because Dr. Green differentiates between different types of social media use. Choice D is incorrect because Dr. Green does not claim that social media always leads to positive outcomes.

Cross-Text Connections Question 2:

Text 1, The increasing prevalence of plastic pollution in the world's oceans has raised significant environmental concerns. Plastics can take hundreds of years to decompose, leading to long-term pollution that affects marine life and ecosystems. Many marine animals ingest plastic debris, mistaking it for food, which can lead to injury or death.

Text 2, Environmental scientist Dr. Emily Carter emphasizes the urgent need for comprehensive strategies to tackle plastic pollution. She advocates for reducing plastic production, improving waste management systems, and promoting biodegradable alternatives to traditional plastics. Dr. Carter believes that a multifaceted approach is necessary to effectively address the plastic pollution crisis.

Based on the texts, what would both the author of Text 1 and Dr. Carter most likely agree on regarding plastic pollution?

  1. Plastic pollution is not a significant threat to marine life and ecosystems.
  2. The decomposition of plastics in the ocean is a rapid process.
  3. Plastic pollution has severe impacts on marine life and requires urgent action.
  4. Biodegradable alternatives to traditional plastics are unnecessary.

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 3 : Plastic pollution has severe impacts on marine life and requires urgent action.

Cross-Text Connections Question 2 Detailed Solution

Choice C is the best answer because both the author of Text 1 and Dr. Carter (Text 2) agree that plastic pollution has severe impacts on marine life and ecosystems and requires urgent action. Text 1 outlines the environmental concerns and harmful effects of plastic pollution on marine animals. Text 2 emphasizes the need for comprehensive strategies to address the crisis, indicating that both texts recognize the severity of the issue and the need for urgent measures. Choice A is incorrect because both texts highlight the significant threat posed by plastic pollution. Choice B is incorrect because Text 1 states that plastics take hundreds of years to decompose, indicating a slow process. Choice D is incorrect because Dr. Carter advocates for promoting biodegradable alternatives as part of the solution.

Cross-Text Connections Question 3:

Text 1, Urban green spaces such as parks and community gardens provide numerous benefits to city residents, including improved mental health, increased physical activity, and enhanced social cohesion. Despite these benefits, many urban areas suffer from a lack of accessible green spaces.

Text 2, City planner Mark Rivera emphasizes the importance of integrating green spaces into urban development plans. He argues that well-designed green spaces can mitigate urban heat islands, reduce air pollution, and enhance biodiversity. Rivera believes that investing in green infrastructure is essential for creating sustainable and livable cities.

Based on the texts, what would both the author of Text 1 and Mark Rivera most likely agree on regarding urban green spaces?

  1. Urban green spaces are primarily for recreational purposes and have no other significant benefits.
  2. Urban green spaces are unnecessary in modern city planning.
  3. Urban green spaces provide multiple benefits and should be prioritized in city planning.
  4. Urban green spaces are only beneficial for reducing air pollution.

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 3 : Urban green spaces provide multiple benefits and should be prioritized in city planning.

Cross-Text Connections Question 3 Detailed Solution

Choice C is the best answer because it reflects the shared view of both the author of Text 1 and Mark Rivera (Text 2) that urban green spaces provide multiple benefits and should be an important aspect of city planning. Text 1 highlights the various benefits of green spaces, including mental health, physical activity, and social cohesion. Text 2 adds that green spaces can also mitigate heat islands, reduce air pollution, and enhance biodiversity. Thus, both texts agree on the multifaceted benefits and the need for prioritization. Choice A is incorrect because both texts outline significant benefits beyond recreation. Choice B is incorrect because both texts advocate for the integration of green spaces in urban planning. Choice D is incorrect because while reducing air pollution is one benefit, both texts mention several other benefits of green spaces.

Cross-Text Connections Question 4:

Text 1, The introduction of artificial intelligence (AI) in various industries has led to significant advancements in efficiency and productivity. AI systems can analyze vast amounts of data quickly, providing insights that were previously unattainable. However, there are concerns about the ethical implications of AI, including issues of privacy, bias, and job displacement.

Text 2, Technology ethicist Dr. Laura Chen argues that while AI has the potential to revolutionize industries, it is crucial to address the ethical challenges it presents. Dr. Chen advocates for the development of robust ethical guidelines and regulatory frameworks to ensure that AI is used responsibly and equitably.

Based on the texts, how would Dr. Chen most likely respond to the concerns about AI mentioned in Text 1?

  1. By dismissing the concerns as unfounded and advocating for unrestricted AI development.
  2. By emphasizing the need for ethical guidelines and regulations to mitigate the concerns.
  3. By suggesting that AI should not be used in any industry due to its potential risks.
  4. By arguing that AI will naturally evolve to address any ethical issues on its own.

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 2 : By emphasizing the need for ethical guidelines and regulations to mitigate the concerns.

Cross-Text Connections Question 4 Detailed Solution

Choice B is the best answer because it aligns with Dr. Chen's argument in Text 2 that while AI has transformative potential, it is essential to develop ethical guidelines and regulatory frameworks to address the concerns mentioned in Text 1. Choice A is incorrect because Dr. Chen does not dismiss the concerns but rather acknowledges them and calls for responsible use. Choice C is incorrect because Dr. Chen supports the use of AI with appropriate ethical considerations, not a complete ban. Choice D is incorrect because Dr. Chen does not suggest that AI will self-regulate; she advocates for intentional guidelines and frameworks.

Cross-Text Connections Question 5:

Text 1, The decline of bee populations around the world has raised alarms about the potential impact on agriculture, as bees play a crucial role in pollinating many crops. Habitat loss, pesticide use, and climate change are among the factors contributing to bee population declines. Text 2, Entomologist Dr. James Lee points out that while the decline of bee populations is concerning, there are opportunities for intervention and conservation. Dr. Lee suggests that creating pollinator-friendly habitats, reducing pesticide use, and supporting research into bee health can help stabilize and even increase bee populations.

Based on the texts, how would Dr. Lee most likely respond to the concerns about bee population declines mentioned in Text 1?

  1. By claiming that the decline of bee populations is not a significant issue for agriculture.
  2. By suggesting that there is nothing that can be done to prevent further declines.
  3. By emphasizing the need for conservation efforts and interventions to address the decline.
  4. By arguing that bee populations will recover on their own without any human intervention.

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 3 : By emphasizing the need for conservation efforts and interventions to address the decline.

Cross-Text Connections Question 5 Detailed Solution

Choice C is the best answer because it aligns with Dr. Lee's argument in Text 2 that, despite the concerns about bee population declines mentioned in Text 1, there are effective conservation efforts and interventions that can help address the issue. Choice A is incorrect because Dr. Lee acknowledges the significance of the decline and its impact on agriculture. Choice B is incorrect because Dr. Lee believes that proactive measures can help stabilize bee populations. Choice D is incorrect because Dr. Lee advocates for human intervention through habitat creation, pesticide reduction, and research support, rather than relying on natural recovery.

Top Cross-Text Connections MCQ Objective Questions

Based on the texts, how would the researchers in Text 2 most likely respond to the conclusion presented in the underlined portion of Text 1? Text 1 Polar bears sustain themselves primarily by hunting seals on the Arctic sea ice, but rising ocean temperatures are causing the ice to diminish, raising concerns about polar bear population declines as these large predators' seal-hunting habitats continue to shrink. A 2020 study examining polar bear populations across the Arctic concluded that populations affected by sea-ice loss are at great risk of extinction by the end of the twenty-first century. Text 2 Monitoring carried out by researchers from the Norwegian Polar Institute shows that the polar bear population on the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard remains stable and well nourished despite rapidly declining sea ice in recent years. The researchers attribute this population's resilience in part to a shift in feeding strategies: in addition to hunting seals, the Svalbard polar bears have begun relying on a diet of reindeer meat and birds' eggs.

  1. By noting that it neglects the possibility of some polar bear populations adapting to changes in their environment
  2. By suggesting that it is likely incorrect about the rates at which warming ocean temperatures have caused sea ice to melt in the Arctic
  3. By asserting that it overlooks polar bear populations that have not yet been affected by loss of seal-hunting habitats
  4. By arguing that it fails to account for polar bears' reliance on a single seal-hunting strategy

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 1 : By noting that it neglects the possibility of some polar bear populations adapting to changes in their environment

Cross-Text Connections Question 6 Detailed Solution

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Choice A is the best answer. Text 2 describes how the Svalbard polar bears have adapted to the loss of sea ice by diversifying their diet and feeding on reindeer and seabird eggs, resulting in a 'stable and well nourished' population despite environmental challenges. This counters the underlined claim that polar bears facing a loss of sea ice are at 'great risk of extinction' by the end of the century. Choice B is incorrect. Text 2 does not challenge the fact that sea ice is rapidly declining in the Arctic due to warming ocean temperatures. In fact, it states that the Svalbard polar bears have faced 'rapidly declining sea ice in recent years.' Choice C is incorrect. The claim in Text 1 is specific to polar bear populations affected by the loss of seal hunting habitats, so unaffected populations are irrelevant to the claim. Also, Text 2 doesn't mention any polar bear populations that haven't yet been affected by loss of seal hunting habitats. It focuses on a population that has been affected by sea-ice loss but has managed to survive and thrive nevertheless. Choice D is incorrect. Text 2 doesn't imply that polar bears rely on a single seal-hunting strategy. In fact, the researcher in Text 2 would say that Text 1 fails to account for polar bears' ability to develop other hunting strategies and food sources.

Based on the texts, how would the author of Text 2 most likely respond to the researchers' perspective in Text 1 on the behavior of the magpies without trackers? Text 1 Dominique Potvin and colleagues captured five Australian magpies (Gymnorhina tibicen) to test a new design for attaching tracking devices to birds. As the researchers fitted each magpie with a tracker attached by a small harness, they noticed some magpies without trackers pecking at another magpie's tracker until it broke off. The researchers suggest that this behavior could be evidence of magpies attempting to help another magpie without benefiting themselves. Text 2 It can be tempting to think that animals are deliberately providing help when we see them removing trackers and other equipment from one another, especially when a species is known to exhibit other cooperative behaviors. At the same time, it can be difficult to exclude the possibility that individuals are simply interested in the equipment because of its novelty, curiously pawing or pecking at it until it detaches.

  1. That behavior might have been due to the novelty of the magpies' captive setting rather than to the novelty of the tracker.
  2. That behavior likely indicates that the magpies were deliberately attempting to benefit themselves by obtaining the tracker.
  3. That behavior may not be evidence of selflessness in Gymnorhina tibicen because not all the captured magpies demonstrated it.
  4. That behavior might be adequately explained without suggesting that the magpies were attempting to assist the other magpie.

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 4 : That behavior might be adequately explained without suggesting that the magpies were attempting to assist the other magpie.

Cross-Text Connections Question 7 Detailed Solution

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Choice D is the best answer because it reflects how the author of Text 2 would most likely respond to the researchers' perspective in Text 1 on the behavior of the magpies without trackers. According to Text 1, Dominique Potvin and colleagues observed magpies without trackers pecking at a tracker on another magpie until the device fell off. The researchers suggested that the birds might have been attempting to help the other bird, with no benefit to themselves. Text 2 generally discusses scenarios in which animals have been observed removing trackers from each other. The text cautions that it shouldn't be assumed that these animals are helping one another deliberately, since they might simply be pecking at trackers out of curiosity, causing them to fall off eventually. Therefore, the author of Text 2 would most likely respond to Potvin and colleagues' perspective in Text 1 by saying that the behavior of the magpies without trackers could be adequately explained without suggesting that they were attempting to assist the other magpie.Choice A is incorrect because Text 2 never discusses the novelty, or the newness and unusual quality, of the captive settings in which animals have been observed to remove trackers from other animals, nor does it suggest that such novelty might account for this behavior. Instead, the text suggests that it's the novelty of the tracking equipment itself that might cause the behavior: interested in the trackers because they're unusual, animals might paw or peck at them until they fall off. Choice B is incorrect because Text 2 never suggests that when animals remove trackers from other animals, they do so because they wish to obtain the trackers for themselves. Instead, Text 2 argues that animals paw or peck at trackers because they are merely curious about them. Choice C is incorrect because Text 2 doesn't argue that when captured animals are observed removing trackers from each other, their behavior should be regarded as selfless only if all of them participate in it. Instead, the text argues that the behavior may not be selfless at all and may instead be attributed to animals' curiosity about the new and unusual trackers.

Which choice best describes a difference in how the author of Text 1 and the author of Text 2 view Strassburg's team's study? Text 1 A team led by Bernardo Strassburg has found that rewilding farmland (returning the land to its natural state) could help preserve biodiversity and offset carbon emissions. The amount of farmland that would need to be restored, they found, is remarkably low. Rewilding a mere 15% of the world's current farmland would prevent 60% of expected species extinctions and help absorb nearly 299 gigatons of carbon dioxide-a clear win in the fight against the biodiversity and climate crises. Text 2 While Strassburg's team's findings certainly offer encouraging insight into the potential benefits of rewilding, it's important to consider potential effects on global food supplies. The researchers suggest that to compensate for the loss of food-producing land, remaining farmland would need to produce even more food. Thus, policies focused on rewilding farmland must also address strategies for higher-yield farming.

  1. The author of Text 2 approaches the study's findings with some caution, whereas the author of Text 1 is optimistic about the reported potential environmental benefits.
  2. The author of Text 2 claims that the percentage of farmland identified by Strassburg's team is too low for rewilding to achieve meaningful results, whereas the author of Text 1 thinks the percentage is sufficient.
  3. The author of Text 2 believes that the results described by Strassburg's team are achievable in the near future, whereas the author of Text 1 argues that they likely aren't.
  4. The author of Text 2 focuses on rewilding's effect on carbon emissions, whereas the author of Text 1 focuses on its effect on biodiversity.

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 1 : The author of Text 2 approaches the study's findings with some caution, whereas the author of Text 1 is optimistic about the reported potential environmental benefits.

Cross-Text Connections Question 8 Detailed Solution

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Choice A is the best answer. Text 1 is extremely positive about Strassburg's team's findings, calling the potential results "a clear win in the fight against the biodiversity and climate crises." Text 2 is not as positive, arguing that while the findings point to "potential benefits," we also need to consider the "potential effects on global food supplies."Choice B is incorrect. This isn't a difference between the two views. Text 1 does present the 15% number as enough to achieve meaningful results, but that's not what Text 2 takes issue with: rather, Text 2 argues that we need to consider the effect that rewilding this much farmland would have on food supplies. Choice C is incorrect. This isn't a difference between the two views. Neither text mentions the timeline for achieving the results described by Strassburg's team. Choice D is incorrect. This isn't a difference between the two views. Text 1 focuses on rewilding's effects on both carbon emissions and biodiversity. Text 2 doesn't focus on rewilding's effect on carbon emissions at all. Instead, it focuses on a third factor: global food supplies.

Based on the texts, how would Behrenfeld and colleagues (Text 2) most likely respond to the 'conventional wisdom' discussed in Text 1? Text 1 Ecologists have long wondered how thousands of microscopic phytoplankton species can live together near ocean surfaces competing for the same resources. According to conventional wisdom, one species should emerge after outcompeting the rest. So why do so many species remain? Ecologists' many efforts to explain this phenomenon still haven't uncovered a satisfactory explanation. Text 2 Ecologist Michael Behrenfeld and colleagues have connected phytoplankton's diversity to their microscopic size. Because these organisms are so tiny, they are spaced relatively far apart from each other in ocean water and, moreover, experience that water as a relatively dense substance. This in turn makes it hard for them to move around and interact with one another. Therefore, says Behrenfeld's team, direct competition among phytoplankton probably happens much less than previously thought.

  1. By arguing that it is based on a misconception about phytoplankton species competing with one another
  2. By asserting that it fails to recognize that routine replenishment of ocean nutrients prevents competition between phytoplankton species
  3. By suggesting that their own findings help clarify how phytoplankton species are able to compete with larger organisms
  4. By recommending that more ecologists focus their research on how competition among phytoplankton species is increased with water density

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 1 : By arguing that it is based on a misconception about phytoplankton species competing with one another

Cross-Text Connections Question 9 Detailed Solution

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Choice A is the best answer because based on Text 2, it represents how Behrenfeld and colleagues would most likely respond to the 'conventional wisdom' discussed in Text 1. The conventional wisdom cited holds the opinion that when there is species diversity within a phytoplankton population, 'one species should emerge after outcompeting the rest'-that is, after being so successful in competing for resources that the other species vanish from the population. However, Text 2 explains that according to Behrenfeld and colleagues, phytoplankton are so small and spaced so far apart in the water that there is 'much less' direct competition for resources within phytoplankton populations than scientists had previously thought. Choice B is incorrect because Text 2 never discusses whether routine replenishment of ocean nutrients affects competition between phytoplankton species. Choice C is incorrect because the interspecies competition discussed in both texts is specifically between phytoplankton species, and neither text considers whether phytoplankton compete for resources with larger nonphytoplankton species. Choice D is incorrect because according to Text 2, Behrenfeld and colleagues argue that water density decreases, not increases, competition between phytoplankton species.

Based on the texts, both authors would most likely agree with which statement? Text 1 American sculptor Edmonia Lewis is best known for her sculptures that represent figures from history and mythology, such as The Death of Cleopatra and Hagar. Although Lewis sculpted other subjects, her career as a sculptor is best represented by the works in which she depicted these historical and mythical themes. Text 2 Art historians have typically ignored the many portrait busts Edmonia Lewis created. Lewis likely carved these busts (sculptures of a person's head) frequently throughout her long career. She is known for her sculptures that represent historical figures, but Lewis likely supported herself financially by carving portrait busts for acquaintances who paid her to represent their features. Thus, Lewis's portrait busts are a central aspect of her career as a sculptor.

  1. Lewis's portrait busts have overshadowed her other work.
  2. The Death of Cleopatra is Lewis's most famous piece.
  3. Sculpting representations of historical figures was a short-lived trend.
  4. Lewis's works are varied in the subjects they depict.

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 4 : Lewis's works are varied in the subjects they depict.

Cross-Text Connections Question 10 Detailed Solution

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Choice D is the best answer. Author 1 acknowledges that Lewis sculpted other subjects besides historical and mythical figures, suggesting a variety of subjects depicted. Author 2 mentions that Lewis carved portrait busts as well as historical sculptures, which also implies variation among Lewis's subjects. Choice A is incorrect. Neither text suggests that Lewis's portrait busts have received more attention or appreciation than her other work. Author 1 briefly mentions her 'other works,' but mostly focuses on her historical and mythical works. Author 2 states that art historians have typically ignored her portrait busts, which suggests that they haven't overshadowed her other work. Choice B is incorrect. Neither text explicitly states that The Death of Cleopatra is Lewis's most famous piece. Author 1 mentions it as one example of her historical works, but does not single it out as being more important or influential than Hagar. Author 2 does not mention it at all, focusing instead on her portrait busts. Choice C is incorrect. This choice isn't supported by the texts. Neither text suggests that sculpting historical figures was a trend that faded quickly.

Based on the texts, both authors would most likely agree with which statement? Text 1 Some animal species, like the leopard, can be found in many kinds of areas. On the other hand, tropical mountain bird species tend to be limited in the types of spaces they can call home. This is because many mountain bird species are only able to survive at very specific elevations. Over time, these species have likely become used to living at a specific temperature. Therefore, these species struggle to survive at elevations that are warmer or colder than they are used to. Text 2 A new study reviewed observations of nearly 3,000 bird species to understand why tropical mountain bird species live at specific elevations. They noted that when a mountain bird species was found in an area with many other bird species, it tended to inhabit much smaller geographic areas. It is thus likely that competition for resources with other species, not temperature, limits where these birds can live.

  1. Tropical mountain bird species are restricted in where they can live.
  2. Scientists have better tools to observe tropical mountain birds than they did in the past.
  3. Little is known about how tropical mountain birds build their nests.
  4. Tropical mountain bird species that live at high elevations tend to be genetically similar.

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 1 : Tropical mountain bird species are restricted in where they can live.

Cross-Text Connections Question 11 Detailed Solution

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Choice A is the best answer. Both texts state that tropical mountain bird species have limited ranges or habitats, although they disagree on the reason for this. Text 1 claims that temperature is the main factor that determines where these birds can live, while Text 2 claims that competition with other species is the main factor. However, both texts agree that these birds are not able to survive in many kinds of areas. Choice B is incorrect. Neither text mentions the tools or methods that scientists use to observe these birds, either now or in the past. Choice C is incorrect. Neither text mentions anything about how these birds build their nests. Choice D is incorrect. Neither text provides any information about the genetic similarity of these birds, so we have no evidence that either author would agree with this statement.

Based on the two texts, how would the author of Text 1 most likely regard the situation presented in the underlined sentence in Text 2? Text 1 Although food writing is one of the most widely read genres in the United States, literary scholars have long neglected it. And within this genre, cookbooks attract the least scholarly attention of all, regardless of how well written they may be. This is especially true of works dedicated to regional US cuisines, whose complexity and historical significance are often overlooked. Text 2 With her 1976 cookbook The Taste of Country Cooking, Edna Lewis popularized the refined Southern cooking she had grown up with in Freetown, an all-Black community in Virginia. She also set a new standard for cookbook writing: the recipes and memoir passages interspersing them are written in prose more elegant than that of most novels. Yet despite its inarguable value as a piece of writing, Lewis's masterpiece has received almost no attention from literary scholars.

  1. As typical, because scholars are dismissive of literary works that achieve popularity with the general public
  2. As unsurprising, because scholars tend to overlook the literary value of food writing in general and of regional cookbooks in particular
  3. As justifiable, because Lewis incorporated memoir into The Taste of Country Cooking, thus undermining its status as a cookbook
  4. As inevitable, because The Taste of Country Cooking was marketed to readers of food writing and not to readers of other genres

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 2 : As unsurprising, because scholars tend to overlook the literary value of food writing in general and of regional cookbooks in particular

Cross-Text Connections Question 12 Detailed Solution

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Choice B is the best answer. Text 1 states that literary scholars ignore regional cookbooks most of all, even when they have historical significance and are well written. So the author of Text 1 wouldn't be surprised that scholars ignored Edna Lewis's cookbook. Choice A is incorrect. We can't infer that this is how the author of Text 1 would regard the situation. Text 1 never suggests that scholars are dismissive of popular works in general. Instead, Text 1 says that scholars ignore food writing specifically, despite its popularity-and despite the fact that it can be historically significant and complex. Choice C is incorrect. We can't infer that this is how the author of Text 1 would regard the situation. Text 1 never suggests that elements of other genres should be kept out of cookbooks. Choice D is incorrect. We can't infer that this is how the author of Text 1 would regard the situation. Text 1 never discusses how food writing is or should be marketed.

Which choice best describes how Text 1 and Text 2 relate to each other? Text 1 The fossil record suggests that mammoths went extinct around 11 thousand years (kyr) ago. In a 2021 study of environmental DNA (eDNA)-genetic material shed into the environment by organisms-in the Arctic, Yucheng Wang and colleagues found mammoth eDNA in sedimentary layers formed millennia later, around 4 kyr ago. To account for this discrepancy, Joshua H. Miller and Carl Simpson proposed that arctic temperatures could preserve a mammoth carcass on the surface, allowing it to leach DNA into the environment, for several thousand years. Text 2 Wang and colleagues concede that eDNA contains DNA from both living organisms and carcasses, but for DNA to leach from remains over several millennia requires that the remains be perpetually on the surface. Scavengers and weathering in the Arctic, however, are likely to break down surface remains well before a thousand years have passed.

  1. Text 1 discusses two approaches to studying mammoth extinction without advocating for either, whereas Text 2 advocates for one approach over the other.
  2. Text 1 presents findings by Wang and colleagues and gives another research team's attempt to explain those findings, whereas Text 2 provides additional detail that calls that explanation into question.
  3. Text 1 describes Wang and colleagues' study and a critique of their methodology, whereas Text 2 offers additional details showing that methodology to be sound.
  4. Text 1 argues that new research has undermined the standard view of when mammoths went extinct, whereas Text 2 suggests a way to reconcile the standard view with that new research.

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 2 : Text 1 presents findings by Wang and colleagues and gives another research team's attempt to explain those findings, whereas Text 2 provides additional detail that calls that explanation into question.

Cross-Text Connections Question 13 Detailed Solution

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Choice B is the best answer. Text 1 introduces Wang and colleagues' study and its surprising results, and then mentions Miller and Simpson's hypothesis as a possible way to explain them. Text 2, however, challenges Miller and Simpson's hypothesis by pointing out the difficulties of preserving mammoth carcasses on the surface for thousands of years: 'scavengers and weathering' are the additional details that complicate the Miller/Simpson hypothesis. Choice A is incorrect. Neither text compares two different approaches for studying mammoth extinction. Text 1 describes one study and one hypothesis pertaining to it. Text 2 critiques that hypothesis. Choice C is incorrect. Text 1 does not describe a critique of Wang and colleagues' methodology, but rather an interpretation of their results by Miller and Simpson. Text 2 does not offer additional details showing that methodology to be sound, but rather casts doubt on the Miller/Simpson explanation. Choice D is incorrect. Both components mentioned here (the new 'undermining' research and the theory for reconciling this discovery) are contained in Text 1. Text 2 then shows how the attempt to reconcile the standard view and new research is flawed, and still fails to explain the discrepancy.

Based on the texts, how would Dubey and colleagues (Text 2) most likely respond to the consensus view discussed in Text 1? Text 1 Many studies in psychology have shown that people seek out information even when they know in advance that they have no immediate use for it and that they won't directly benefit from it. Such findings support the consensus view among researchers of curiosity: namely, that curiosity is not instrumental but instead represents a drive to acquire information for its own sake. Text 2 While acknowledging that acquiring information is a powerful motivator, Rachit Dubey and colleagues ran an experiment to test whether emphasizing the usefulness of scientific information could increase curiosity about it. They found that when research involving rats and fruit flies was presented as having medical applications for humans, participants expressed greater interest in learning about it than when the research was not presented as useful.

  1. By suggesting that curiosity may not be exclusively motivated by the desire to merely acquire information
  2. By conceding that people may seek out information that serves no immediate purpose only because they think they can use it later
  3. By pointing out that it is challenging to determine when information-seeking serves no goal beyond acquiring information
  4. By disputing the idea that curiosity can help explain apparently purposeless information-seeking behaviors

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 1 : By suggesting that curiosity may not be exclusively motivated by the desire to merely acquire information

Cross-Text Connections Question 14 Detailed Solution

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Choice A is the best answer. The researchers in Text 2 recognize that acquiring information is a powerful motivator, but showed that this motivation can still be affected by other factors, like whether or not the information is expected to be useful or not. This suggests that other desires may play a part in driving people to acquire information. Choice B is incorrect. The consensus view in Text 1 is that people acquire information regardless of whether they think they can use it later. Dubey and colleagues acknowledge this fact (so they don't claim people seek out information 'only' because it might be useful later). Choice C is incorrect. This choice misreads the results of Dubey and colleagues' study in Text 2. Neither text discusses the difficulty of determining the motivation for information-seeking. Choice D is incorrect. This choice contradicts Text 2, which starts with Dubey and colleagues 'acknowledging that acquiring information is a powerful motivator' (i.e., agreeing that curiosity explains the seeking of apparently purposeless information). The research in Text 2 simply suggests that more than just curiosity can motivate information-seeking behavior when the information has a purpose.

Based on the texts, how would Graeber and Wengrow (Text 2) most likely respond to the 'conventional wisdom' presented in Text 1? Text 1 Conventional wisdom long held that human social systems evolved in stages, beginning with hunter-gatherers forming small bands of members with roughly equal status. The shift to agriculture about 12,000 years ago sparked population growth that led to the emergence of groups with hierarchical structures: associations of clans first, then chiefdoms, and finally, bureaucratic states. Text 2 In a 2021 book, anthropologist David Graeber and archaeologist David Wengrow maintain that humans have always been socially flexible, alternately forming systems based on hierarchy and collective ones with decentralized leadership. The authors point to evidence that as far back as 50,000 years ago some hunter-gatherers adjusted their social structures seasonally, at times dispersing in small groups but also assembling into communities that included esteemed individuals.

  1. By conceding the importance of hierarchical systems but asserting the greater significance of decentralized collective societies
  2. By disputing the idea that developments in social structures have followed a linear progression through distinct stages
  3. By acknowledging that hierarchical roles likely weren't a part of social systems before the rise of agriculture
  4. By challenging the assumption that groupings of hunter-gatherers were among the earliest forms of social structure

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 2 : By disputing the idea that developments in social structures have followed a linear progression through distinct stages

Cross-Text Connections Question 15 Detailed Solution

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Choice B is the best answer because it describes the most likely way that Graeber and Wengrow (Text 2) would respond to the 'conventional wisdom' presented in Text 1. According to Text 1, the conventional wisdom about human social systems is that they developed through stages, beginning with hunter-gatherer bands, then moving to clan associations, then chiefdoms, and finally arriving at states with bureaucratic structures. Text 2 indicates that Graeber and Wengrow believe that human social systems have been flexible, shifting between different types of structures, including both hierarchical and collective systems, and that these shifts may have even occurred seasonally. This suggests that Graeber and Wengrow would dispute the idea that developments in social structures have followed a linear progression through distinct stages. Choice A is incorrect because nothing in Text 2 suggests that Graeber and Wengrow believe that decentralized collective societies are more significant than hierarchical systems. Text 2 is focused on Graeber and Wengrow's view that humans have flexibly shifted among various social structures, not on the importance of particular structures relative to others. Choice C is incorrect because Text 2 doesn't include any information suggesting that Graeber and Wengrow believe that hierarchies didn't emerge until after the rise of agriculture. In fact, Text 2 indicates that Graeber and Wengrow cite evidence suggesting that some hunter-gatherer groups formed social structures with hierarchical elements ('communities that included esteemed individuals') 50,000 years ago, long before the rise of agriculture, which Text 1 says occurred around 12,000 years ago. Choice D is incorrect because there's no information in Text 2 suggesting that Graeber and Wengrow would challenge the assumption that groupings of hunter-gatherers were among the earliest forms of social structure. Although Text 1 does indicate that hunter-gatherer groups are assumed to be the earliest human social system, Text 2 says only that Graeber and Wengrow believe that some hunter-gatherer groups made use of different social structures at different times. Text 2 doesn't imply that Graeber and Wengrow doubt that hunter-gatherer groups preceded most other social structures.
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