Testbook Logo
Exams SuperCoaching Test Series Skill Academy
More

Question

Download Solution PDF

Based on the texts, how would Behrenfeld and colleagues (Text 2) most likely respond to the 'conventional wisdom' discussed in Text 1? Text 1 Ecologists have long wondered how thousands of microscopic phytoplankton species can live together near ocean surfaces competing for the same resources. According to conventional wisdom, one species should emerge after outcompeting the rest. So why do so many species remain? Ecologists' many efforts to explain this phenomenon still haven't uncovered a satisfactory explanation. Text 2 Ecologist Michael Behrenfeld and colleagues have connected phytoplankton's diversity to their microscopic size. Because these organisms are so tiny, they are spaced relatively far apart from each other in ocean water and, moreover, experience that water as a relatively dense substance. This in turn makes it hard for them to move around and interact with one another. Therefore, says Behrenfeld's team, direct competition among phytoplankton probably happens much less than previously thought.

  1. By arguing that it is based on a misconception about phytoplankton species competing with one another
  2. By asserting that it fails to recognize that routine replenishment of ocean nutrients prevents competition between phytoplankton species
  3. By suggesting that their own findings help clarify how phytoplankton species are able to compete with larger organisms
  4. By recommending that more ecologists focus their research on how competition among phytoplankton species is increased with water density

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 1 : By arguing that it is based on a misconception about phytoplankton species competing with one another

Detailed Solution

Download Solution PDF
Choice A is the best answer because based on Text 2, it represents how Behrenfeld and colleagues would most likely respond to the 'conventional wisdom' discussed in Text 1. The conventional wisdom cited holds the opinion that when there is species diversity within a phytoplankton population, 'one species should emerge after outcompeting the rest'-that is, after being so successful in competing for resources that the other species vanish from the population. However, Text 2 explains that according to Behrenfeld and colleagues, phytoplankton are so small and spaced so far apart in the water that there is 'much less' direct competition for resources within phytoplankton populations than scientists had previously thought. Choice B is incorrect because Text 2 never discusses whether routine replenishment of ocean nutrients affects competition between phytoplankton species. Choice C is incorrect because the interspecies competition discussed in both texts is specifically between phytoplankton species, and neither text considers whether phytoplankton compete for resources with larger nonphytoplankton species. Choice D is incorrect because according to Text 2, Behrenfeld and colleagues argue that water density decreases, not increases, competition between phytoplankton species.
Download Solution PDF
‹‹ Previous Ques
Next Ques ››

More Cross-Text Connections Questions

Q1.Based on the texts, how would the researchers in Text 2 most likely respond to the conclusion presented in the underlined portion of Text 1? Text 1 Polar bears sustain themselves primarily by hunting seals on the Arctic sea ice, but rising ocean temperatures are causing the ice to diminish, raising concerns about polar bear population declines as these large predators' seal-hunting habitats continue to shrink. A 2020 study examining polar bear populations across the Arctic concluded that populations affected by sea-ice loss are at great risk of extinction by the end of the twenty-first century. Text 2 Monitoring carried out by researchers from the Norwegian Polar Institute shows that the polar bear population on the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard remains stable and well nourished despite rapidly declining sea ice in recent years. The researchers attribute this population's resilience in part to a shift in feeding strategies: in addition to hunting seals, the Svalbard polar bears have b
Q2.Based on the texts, how would the author of Text 2 most likely respond to the researchers' perspective in Text 1 on the behavior of the magpies without trackers? Text 1 Dominique Potvin and colleagues captured five Australian magpies (Gymnorhina tibicen) to test a new design for attaching tracking devices to birds. As the researchers fitted each magpie with a tracker attached by a small harness, they noticed some magpies without trackers pecking at another magpie's tracker until it broke off. The researchers suggest that this behavior could be evidence of magpies attempting to help another magpie without benefiting themselves. Text 2 It can be tempting to think that animals are deliberately providing help when we see them removing trackers and other equipment from one another, especially when a species is known to exhibit other cooperative behaviors. At the same time, it can be difficult to exclude the possibility that individuals are simply interested in the equipment because of its
Q3.Which choice best describes a difference in how the author of Text 1 and the author of Text 2 view Strassburg's team's study? Text 1 A team led by Bernardo Strassburg has found that rewilding farmland (returning the land to its natural state) could help preserve biodiversity and offset carbon emissions. The amount of farmland that would need to be restored, they found, is remarkably low. Rewilding a mere 15% of the world's current farmland would prevent 60% of expected species extinctions and help absorb nearly 299 gigatons of carbon dioxide-a clear win in the fight against the biodiversity and climate crises. Text 2 While Strassburg's team's findings certainly offer encouraging insight into the potential benefits of rewilding, it's important to consider potential effects on global food supplies. The researchers suggest that to compensate for the loss of food-producing land, remaining farmland would need to produce even more food. Thus, policies focused on rewilding farmland must als
Q4.Based on the texts, how would Behrenfeld and colleagues (Text 2) most likely respond to the 'conventional wisdom' discussed in Text 1? Text 1 Ecologists have long wondered how thousands of microscopic phytoplankton species can live together near ocean surfaces competing for the same resources. According to conventional wisdom, one species should emerge after outcompeting the rest. So why do so many species remain? Ecologists' many efforts to explain this phenomenon still haven't uncovered a satisfactory explanation. Text 2 Ecologist Michael Behrenfeld and colleagues have connected phytoplankton's diversity to their microscopic size. Because these organisms are so tiny, they are spaced relatively far apart from each other in ocean water and, moreover, experience that water as a relatively dense substance. This in turn makes it hard for them to move around and interact with one another. Therefore, says Behrenfeld's team, direct competition among phytoplankton probably happens much les
Q5.Based on the texts, both authors would most likely agree with which statement? Text 1 American sculptor Edmonia Lewis is best known for her sculptures that represent figures from history and mythology, such as The Death of Cleopatra and Hagar. Although Lewis sculpted other subjects, her career as a sculptor is best represented by the works in which she depicted these historical and mythical themes. Text 2 Art historians have typically ignored the many portrait busts Edmonia Lewis created. Lewis likely carved these busts (sculptures of a person's head) frequently throughout her long career. She is known for her sculptures that represent historical figures, but Lewis likely supported herself financially by carving portrait busts for acquaintances who paid her to represent their features. Thus, Lewis's portrait busts are a central aspect of her career as a sculptor.
Q6.Based on the texts, both authors would most likely agree with which statement? Text 1 Some animal species, like the leopard, can be found in many kinds of areas. On the other hand, tropical mountain bird species tend to be limited in the types of spaces they can call home. This is because many mountain bird species are only able to survive at very specific elevations. Over time, these species have likely become used to living at a specific temperature. Therefore, these species struggle to survive at elevations that are warmer or colder than they are used to. Text 2 A new study reviewed observations of nearly 3,000 bird species to understand why tropical mountain bird species live at specific elevations. They noted that when a mountain bird species was found in an area with many other bird species, it tended to inhabit much smaller geographic areas. It is thus likely that competition for resources with other species, not temperature, limits where these birds can live.
Q7.Based on the two texts, how would the author of Text 1 most likely regard the situation presented in the underlined sentence in Text 2? Text 1 Although food writing is one of the most widely read genres in the United States, literary scholars have long neglected it. And within this genre, cookbooks attract the least scholarly attention of all, regardless of how well written they may be. This is especially true of works dedicated to regional US cuisines, whose complexity and historical significance are often overlooked. Text 2 With her 1976 cookbook The Taste of Country Cooking, Edna Lewis popularized the refined Southern cooking she had grown up with in Freetown, an all-Black community in Virginia. She also set a new standard for cookbook writing: the recipes and memoir passages interspersing them are written in prose more elegant than that of most novels. Yet despite its inarguable value as a piece of writing, Lewis's masterpiece has received almost no attention from literary schola
Q8.Which choice best describes how Text 1 and Text 2 relate to each other? Text 1 The fossil record suggests that mammoths went extinct around 11 thousand years (kyr) ago. In a 2021 study of environmental DNA (eDNA)-genetic material shed into the environment by organisms-in the Arctic, Yucheng Wang and colleagues found mammoth eDNA in sedimentary layers formed millennia later, around 4 kyr ago. To account for this discrepancy, Joshua H. Miller and Carl Simpson proposed that arctic temperatures could preserve a mammoth carcass on the surface, allowing it to leach DNA into the environment, for several thousand years. Text 2 Wang and colleagues concede that eDNA contains DNA from both living organisms and carcasses, but for DNA to leach from remains over several millennia requires that the remains be perpetually on the surface. Scavengers and weathering in the Arctic, however, are likely to break down surface remains well before a thousand years have passed.
Q9.Based on the texts, how would Dubey and colleagues (Text 2) most likely respond to the consensus view discussed in Text 1? Text 1 Many studies in psychology have shown that people seek out information even when they know in advance that they have no immediate use for it and that they won't directly benefit from it. Such findings support the consensus view among researchers of curiosity: namely, that curiosity is not instrumental but instead represents a drive to acquire information for its own sake. Text 2 While acknowledging that acquiring information is a powerful motivator, Rachit Dubey and colleagues ran an experiment to test whether emphasizing the usefulness of scientific information could increase curiosity about it. They found that when research involving rats and fruit flies was presented as having medical applications for humans, participants expressed greater interest in learning about it than when the research was not presented as useful.
Q10.Based on the texts, how would Graeber and Wengrow (Text 2) most likely respond to the 'conventional wisdom' presented in Text 1? Text 1 Conventional wisdom long held that human social systems evolved in stages, beginning with hunter-gatherers forming small bands of members with roughly equal status. The shift to agriculture about 12,000 years ago sparked population growth that led to the emergence of groups with hierarchical structures: associations of clans first, then chiefdoms, and finally, bureaucratic states. Text 2 In a 2021 book, anthropologist David Graeber and archaeologist David Wengrow maintain that humans have always been socially flexible, alternately forming systems based on hierarchy and collective ones with decentralized leadership. The authors point to evidence that as far back as 50,000 years ago some hunter-gatherers adjusted their social structures seasonally, at times dispersing in small groups but also assembling into communities that included esteemed individua

More Craft and Structure Questions

Q1.Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase? As an undergraduate researcher in anthropology, Jennifer C. Chen contributed to a groundbreaking study challenging the accepted view that among prehistoric peoples, female participation in hunting was ______blank. The research team's review of data from late Pleistocene and early Holocene burials in the Americas revealed that, in fact, as many as half of the hunters in those populations were female.
Q2.Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase? The artisans of the Igun Eronmwon guild in Benin City, Nigeria, typically ______blank the bronze- and brass-casting techniques that have been passed down through their families since the thirteenth century, but they don't strictly observe every tradition; for example, guild members now use air-conditioning motors instead of handheld bellows to help heat their forges.
Q3.Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase? Diego Velázquez was the leading artist in the court of King Philip IV of Spain during the seventeenth century, but his influence was hardly ______blank Spain: realist and impressionist painters around the world employed his techniques and echoed elements of his style.
Q4.Based on the texts, how would the researchers in Text 2 most likely respond to the conclusion presented in the underlined portion of Text 1? Text 1 Polar bears sustain themselves primarily by hunting seals on the Arctic sea ice, but rising ocean temperatures are causing the ice to diminish, raising concerns about polar bear population declines as these large predators' seal-hunting habitats continue to shrink. A 2020 study examining polar bear populations across the Arctic concluded that populations affected by sea-ice loss are at great risk of extinction by the end of the twenty-first century. Text 2 Monitoring carried out by researchers from the Norwegian Polar Institute shows that the polar bear population on the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard remains stable and well nourished despite rapidly declining sea ice in recent years. The researchers attribute this population's resilience in part to a shift in feeding strategies: in addition to hunting seals, the Svalbard polar bears have b
Q5.Based on the texts, how would the author of Text 2 most likely respond to the researchers' perspective in Text 1 on the behavior of the magpies without trackers? Text 1 Dominique Potvin and colleagues captured five Australian magpies (Gymnorhina tibicen) to test a new design for attaching tracking devices to birds. As the researchers fitted each magpie with a tracker attached by a small harness, they noticed some magpies without trackers pecking at another magpie's tracker until it broke off. The researchers suggest that this behavior could be evidence of magpies attempting to help another magpie without benefiting themselves. Text 2 It can be tempting to think that animals are deliberately providing help when we see them removing trackers and other equipment from one another, especially when a species is known to exhibit other cooperative behaviors. At the same time, it can be difficult to exclude the possibility that individuals are simply interested in the equipment because of its
Q6.Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole? The 1967 release of Harold Cruse's book The Crisis of the Negro Intellectual isolated him from almost all other scholars and activists of the American Civil Rights Movement-though many of those thinkers disagreed with each other, he nonetheless found ways to disagree with them all. He thought that activists who believed that Black people such as himself should culturally assimilate were naïve. But he also sharply criticized Black nationalists such as Marcus Garvey who wanted to establish independent, self-contained Black economies and societies, even though Cruse himself identified as a Black nationalist.
Q7.Which choice best describes a difference in how the author of Text 1 and the author of Text 2 view Strassburg's team's study? Text 1 A team led by Bernardo Strassburg has found that rewilding farmland (returning the land to its natural state) could help preserve biodiversity and offset carbon emissions. The amount of farmland that would need to be restored, they found, is remarkably low. Rewilding a mere 15% of the world's current farmland would prevent 60% of expected species extinctions and help absorb nearly 299 gigatons of carbon dioxide-a clear win in the fight against the biodiversity and climate crises. Text 2 While Strassburg's team's findings certainly offer encouraging insight into the potential benefits of rewilding, it's important to consider potential effects on global food supplies. The researchers suggest that to compensate for the loss of food-producing land, remaining farmland would need to produce even more food. Thus, policies focused on rewilding farmland must als
Q8.Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase? Researchers and conservationists stress that biodiversity loss due to invasive species is ______blank. For example, people can take simple steps such as washing their footwear after travel to avoid introducing potentially invasive organisms into new environments.
Q9.Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase? The province of Xoconochco was situated on the Pacific coast, hundreds of kilometers southeast of Tenochtitlan, the capital of the Aztec Empire. Because Xoconochco's location within the empire was so ______blank, cacao and other trade goods produced there could reach the capital only after a long overland journey.
Q10.Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase? Within baleen whale species, some individuals develop an accessory spleen-a seemingly functionless formation of splenetic tissue outside the normal spleen. Given the formation's greater prevalence among whales known to make deeper dives, some researchers hypothesize that its role isn't ______blank; rather, the accessory spleen may actively support diving mechanisms.

More Reading and Writing Questions

Q1.Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English? Dr. Rocío Paola Caballero-Gill is a paleoceanographer. This means that Dr. Caballero-Gill doesn't just study oceans as they are today. She uses chemistry and fossil evidence ______blank oceans as they were in the past.
Q2.Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English? After winning the 1860 presidential election, Abraham Lincoln appointed Edward Bates, Salmon P. Chase, and William H. Seward to his cabinet. Lincoln's decision was surprising, since each of these men had run against him, but historians have praised it, noting that Lincoln ______blank his rivals' diverse talents to strengthen his administration.
Q3.Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English? In her analysis of Edith Wharton's The House of Mirth (1905), scholar Candace Waid observes that the novel depicts the upper classes of New York society as 'consumed by the appetite of a soulless ______blank an apt assessment given that The House of Mirth is set during the Gilded Age, a period marked by rapid industrialization, economic greed, and widening wealth disparities.
Q4.Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English? Joshua Hinson, director of the language revitalization program of the Chickasaw Nation in Oklahoma, helped produce the world's first Indigenous-language instructional app, Chickasaw ______blank Chickasaw TV, in 2010; and a Rosetta Stone language course in Chickasaw, in 2015.
Q5.Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English? With its towering, six-spired exterior of granitelike quartz monzonite, the Salt Lake Temple is one of the most instantly recognizable structures in the state of Utah. However, many people do not know that ______blank built over the course of forty years, with construction beginning in 1853 and ending in 1893.
Q6.Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English? Researchers studying magnetosensation have determined why some soil-dwelling roundworms in the Southern Hemisphere move in the opposite direction of Earth's magnetic field when searching for ______blank in the Northern Hemisphere, the magnetic field points down, into the ground, but in the Southern Hemisphere, it points up, toward the surface and away from worms' food sources.
Q7.Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English? Because a cycle of lunar phases ______blank 29.5 days to complete, it's possible to observe two full moons in a single month, one at the beginning and one at the end.
Q8.Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English? A pioneer in the field of taphonomy (the study of how organic remains become fossils), ______blank may be just as prevalent in the fossil record as those of thick-shelled organisms.
Q9.Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English? The alga species Chlorella vulgaris is very efficient at making oxygen. For this reason, scientists are currently exploring ways to use this species in space. C. vulgaris might be used, for example, to build future biological air exchange systems that ______blank oxygen for astronauts.
Q10.Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English? In 1881, French chemist Camille Faure redesigned the rechargeable lead-acid battery. Faure's design greatly increased the amount of electricity that the original battery, which the French physicist Gaston Planté ______blank fifteen years earlier, could hold.
Exams
Test Series
SuperCoaching
Previous Year Papers
Latest Updates
MCQ Questions
Testbook Products & Resources for Students
Testbook USA
Books
Testbook Edu Solutions Pvt. Ltd.
1st & 2nd Floor, Zion Building,
Plot No. 273, Sector 10, Kharghar,
Navi Mumbai - 410210
[email protected]
Toll Free:1800 833 0800
Office Hours: 10 AM to 7 PM (all 7 days)
Company
About usCareers We are hiringTeach Online on TestbookPartnersMediaSitemap
Products
Test SeriesTestbook PassOnline CoursesOnline VideosPracticeBlogRefer & EarnBooks
Our Apps
Follow us on
Copyright © 2014-2022 Testbook Edu Solutions Pvt. Ltd.: All rights reserved
User PolicyTermsPrivacy
Get Free Access Now
Hot Links： teen patti royal teen patti real cash teen patti gold new version 2024 teen patti noble