Craft and Structure MCQ Quiz - Objective Question with Answer for Craft and Structure - Download Free PDF

Last updated on Jun 16, 2025

Latest Craft and Structure MCQ Objective Questions

Craft and Structure Question 1:

Which characteristic pottery became a hallmark of early Iron Age settlements in northern India?

  1. Black-and-Red Ware
  2. Northern Black Polished Ware
  3. Painted Grey Ware
  4. Red Polished Ware

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 3 : Painted Grey Ware

Craft and Structure Question 1 Detailed Solution

The correct answer is Painted Grey Ware.

Key Points

  • Painted Grey Ware (PGW) is a type of pottery that emerged as a hallmark of early Iron Age settlements in northern India, particularly during the Vedic period (circa 1200–600 BCE).
  • This pottery is characterized by its fine texture, grey color, and painted designs in black or deep brown hues, often depicting geometric patterns or simple motifs.
  • PGW is strongly associated with settlements located in the Indo-Gangetic plains, including sites like Hastinapur, Ahichchhatra, and Atranjikhera.
  • Archaeological findings suggest that PGW pottery reflects the cultural and technological advancements during the early Iron Age, coinciding with the transition from pastoral to agrarian societies.
  • It is often linked with the later Vedic culture and is considered one of the indicators of early urbanization in northern India.

Additional Information

  • Black-and-Red Ware:
    • A type of pottery associated with Chalcolithic cultures and some Iron Age sites in India.
    • It features a dual-color scheme with black interiors and red exteriors, often with simple decorations.
    • While significant, it predates Painted Grey Ware and is not specific to early Iron Age settlements.
  • Northern Black Polished Ware (NBPW):
    • NBPW pottery is a later development, flourishing around 700–200 BCE during the Mauryan period.
    • It is known for its glossy finish and was often associated with urban centers and trade networks.
  • Red Polished Ware:
    • This type of pottery is typically associated with later periods, such as the post-Mauryan and Gupta periods.
    • It is characterized by its bright red color and smooth texture, often used for decorative purposes.
  • Early Iron Age Settlements:
    • The period saw the rise of agrarian societies, advancements in metallurgy, and the use of iron tools and weapons.
    • Settlements like Hastinapur and Kaushambi flourished during this era, marking the transition to urbanization.

Craft and Structure Question 2:

Text 1: Social media platforms have transformed the way people communicate, offering instant connectivity and a platform for sharing information and ideas. However, concerns have been raised about the negative impact of social media on mental health, particularly among teenagers. Studies have linked excessive social media use to increased feelings of anxiety, depression, and loneliness.

Text 2: Psychologist Dr. Laura Green conducted a study to explore the relationship between social media use and mental health. She found that the impact of social media on mental health varies depending on how it is used. For example, active engagement, such as meaningful interactions and content creation, was associated with positive mental health outcomes, while passive consumption, such as scrolling through feeds without interaction, was linked to negative mental health outcomes.

Based on the texts, how would Dr. Laura Green (Text 2) most likely respond to the concerns about social media's impact on mental health discussed in Text 1?

  1. By arguing that social media has no impact on mental health
  2. By suggesting that all forms of social media use are harmful to mental health
  3. By acknowledging the concerns but emphasizing that the impact depends on how social media is used
  4. By claiming that social media always leads to positive mental health outcomes

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 3 : By acknowledging the concerns but emphasizing that the impact depends on how social media is used

Craft and Structure Question 2 Detailed Solution

Choice C is the best answer. Dr. Laura Green (Text 2) acknowledges the concerns about social media's impact on mental health (as discussed in Text 1) but emphasizes that the impact varies based on how social media is used. Active engagement is linked to positive outcomes, while passive consumption is linked to negative outcomes. Choice A is incorrect because Dr. Green acknowledges that social media can impact mental health. Choice B is incorrect because Dr. Green differentiates between different types of social media use. Choice D is incorrect because Dr. Green does not claim that social media always leads to positive outcomes.

Craft and Structure Question 3:

Text 1, The increasing prevalence of plastic pollution in the world's oceans has raised significant environmental concerns. Plastics can take hundreds of years to decompose, leading to long-term pollution that affects marine life and ecosystems. Many marine animals ingest plastic debris, mistaking it for food, which can lead to injury or death.

Text 2, Environmental scientist Dr. Emily Carter emphasizes the urgent need for comprehensive strategies to tackle plastic pollution. She advocates for reducing plastic production, improving waste management systems, and promoting biodegradable alternatives to traditional plastics. Dr. Carter believes that a multifaceted approach is necessary to effectively address the plastic pollution crisis.

Based on the texts, what would both the author of Text 1 and Dr. Carter most likely agree on regarding plastic pollution?

  1. Plastic pollution is not a significant threat to marine life and ecosystems.
  2. The decomposition of plastics in the ocean is a rapid process.
  3. Plastic pollution has severe impacts on marine life and requires urgent action.
  4. Biodegradable alternatives to traditional plastics are unnecessary.

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 3 : Plastic pollution has severe impacts on marine life and requires urgent action.

Craft and Structure Question 3 Detailed Solution

Choice C is the best answer because both the author of Text 1 and Dr. Carter (Text 2) agree that plastic pollution has severe impacts on marine life and ecosystems and requires urgent action. Text 1 outlines the environmental concerns and harmful effects of plastic pollution on marine animals. Text 2 emphasizes the need for comprehensive strategies to address the crisis, indicating that both texts recognize the severity of the issue and the need for urgent measures. Choice A is incorrect because both texts highlight the significant threat posed by plastic pollution. Choice B is incorrect because Text 1 states that plastics take hundreds of years to decompose, indicating a slow process. Choice D is incorrect because Dr. Carter advocates for promoting biodegradable alternatives as part of the solution.

Craft and Structure Question 4:

Text 1, Urban green spaces such as parks and community gardens provide numerous benefits to city residents, including improved mental health, increased physical activity, and enhanced social cohesion. Despite these benefits, many urban areas suffer from a lack of accessible green spaces.

Text 2, City planner Mark Rivera emphasizes the importance of integrating green spaces into urban development plans. He argues that well-designed green spaces can mitigate urban heat islands, reduce air pollution, and enhance biodiversity. Rivera believes that investing in green infrastructure is essential for creating sustainable and livable cities.

Based on the texts, what would both the author of Text 1 and Mark Rivera most likely agree on regarding urban green spaces?

  1. Urban green spaces are primarily for recreational purposes and have no other significant benefits.
  2. Urban green spaces are unnecessary in modern city planning.
  3. Urban green spaces provide multiple benefits and should be prioritized in city planning.
  4. Urban green spaces are only beneficial for reducing air pollution.

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 3 : Urban green spaces provide multiple benefits and should be prioritized in city planning.

Craft and Structure Question 4 Detailed Solution

Choice C is the best answer because it reflects the shared view of both the author of Text 1 and Mark Rivera (Text 2) that urban green spaces provide multiple benefits and should be an important aspect of city planning. Text 1 highlights the various benefits of green spaces, including mental health, physical activity, and social cohesion. Text 2 adds that green spaces can also mitigate heat islands, reduce air pollution, and enhance biodiversity. Thus, both texts agree on the multifaceted benefits and the need for prioritization. Choice A is incorrect because both texts outline significant benefits beyond recreation. Choice B is incorrect because both texts advocate for the integration of green spaces in urban planning. Choice D is incorrect because while reducing air pollution is one benefit, both texts mention several other benefits of green spaces.

Craft and Structure Question 5:

Text 1, The introduction of artificial intelligence (AI) in various industries has led to significant advancements in efficiency and productivity. AI systems can analyze vast amounts of data quickly, providing insights that were previously unattainable. However, there are concerns about the ethical implications of AI, including issues of privacy, bias, and job displacement.

Text 2, Technology ethicist Dr. Laura Chen argues that while AI has the potential to revolutionize industries, it is crucial to address the ethical challenges it presents. Dr. Chen advocates for the development of robust ethical guidelines and regulatory frameworks to ensure that AI is used responsibly and equitably.

Based on the texts, how would Dr. Chen most likely respond to the concerns about AI mentioned in Text 1?

  1. By dismissing the concerns as unfounded and advocating for unrestricted AI development.
  2. By emphasizing the need for ethical guidelines and regulations to mitigate the concerns.
  3. By suggesting that AI should not be used in any industry due to its potential risks.
  4. By arguing that AI will naturally evolve to address any ethical issues on its own.

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 2 : By emphasizing the need for ethical guidelines and regulations to mitigate the concerns.

Craft and Structure Question 5 Detailed Solution

Choice B is the best answer because it aligns with Dr. Chen's argument in Text 2 that while AI has transformative potential, it is essential to develop ethical guidelines and regulatory frameworks to address the concerns mentioned in Text 1. Choice A is incorrect because Dr. Chen does not dismiss the concerns but rather acknowledges them and calls for responsible use. Choice C is incorrect because Dr. Chen supports the use of AI with appropriate ethical considerations, not a complete ban. Choice D is incorrect because Dr. Chen does not suggest that AI will self-regulate; she advocates for intentional guidelines and frameworks.

Top Craft and Structure MCQ Objective Questions

Which characteristic pottery became a hallmark of early Iron Age settlements in northern India?

  1. Black-and-Red Ware
  2. Northern Black Polished Ware
  3. Painted Grey Ware
  4. Red Polished Ware

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 3 : Painted Grey Ware

Craft and Structure Question 6 Detailed Solution

Download Solution PDF

The correct answer is Painted Grey Ware.

Key Points

  • Painted Grey Ware (PGW) is a type of pottery that emerged as a hallmark of early Iron Age settlements in northern India, particularly during the Vedic period (circa 1200–600 BCE).
  • This pottery is characterized by its fine texture, grey color, and painted designs in black or deep brown hues, often depicting geometric patterns or simple motifs.
  • PGW is strongly associated with settlements located in the Indo-Gangetic plains, including sites like Hastinapur, Ahichchhatra, and Atranjikhera.
  • Archaeological findings suggest that PGW pottery reflects the cultural and technological advancements during the early Iron Age, coinciding with the transition from pastoral to agrarian societies.
  • It is often linked with the later Vedic culture and is considered one of the indicators of early urbanization in northern India.

Additional Information

  • Black-and-Red Ware:
    • A type of pottery associated with Chalcolithic cultures and some Iron Age sites in India.
    • It features a dual-color scheme with black interiors and red exteriors, often with simple decorations.
    • While significant, it predates Painted Grey Ware and is not specific to early Iron Age settlements.
  • Northern Black Polished Ware (NBPW):
    • NBPW pottery is a later development, flourishing around 700–200 BCE during the Mauryan period.
    • It is known for its glossy finish and was often associated with urban centers and trade networks.
  • Red Polished Ware:
    • This type of pottery is typically associated with later periods, such as the post-Mauryan and Gupta periods.
    • It is characterized by its bright red color and smooth texture, often used for decorative purposes.
  • Early Iron Age Settlements:
    • The period saw the rise of agrarian societies, advancements in metallurgy, and the use of iron tools and weapons.
    • Settlements like Hastinapur and Kaushambi flourished during this era, marking the transition to urbanization.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase? As an undergraduate researcher in anthropology, Jennifer C. Chen contributed to a groundbreaking study challenging the accepted view that among prehistoric peoples, female participation in hunting was ______blank. The research team's review of data from late Pleistocene and early Holocene burials in the Americas revealed that, in fact, as many as half of the hunters in those populations were female.

  1. inevitable
  2. satisfactory
  3. negligible
  4. commonplace

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 3 : negligible

Craft and Structure Question 7 Detailed Solution

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Choice C is the best answer because it most logically completes the text's discussion of the study of female participation in hunting among prehistoric peoples. In this context, 'negligible' means not significant enough to be worth considering. The text says that the study challenged the accepted view of female participation in hunting among prehistoric peoples. The text goes on to say that the researchers found that 'in fact, as many as half' the hunters in the groups studied were female. The phrase 'in fact' establishes a contrast indicating that the finding that as many as half the hunters were female differs from the accepted view. This context suggests, then, that the accepted view is that female participation in hunting was negligible. Choice A is incorrect because the text indicates that the study challenged the accepted view by showing that as many as half of hunters among prehistoric peoples were female, which suggests that the accepted view is that female participation was low, not that female participation was 'inevitable,' or unavoidable. Nothing in the text suggests that the accepted view is that prehistoric peoples could not avoid female participation in hunting. Choice B is incorrect because nothing in the text suggests that the accepted view of female participation in hunting among prehistoric peoples is that such participation was 'satisfactory,' or sufficient to meet a requirement or demand. There is no information in the text about any demands or requirements regarding female participation in hunting, let alone any information about how much female participation in hunting would be enough to satisfy those demands or requirements. Instead, the text indicates that the study challenged the accepted view by showing that as many as half the hunters in the groups studied were female, suggesting that the accepted view is that female participation in hunting was low. Choice D is incorrect because the text indicates that the study challenged the accepted view by showing that as many as half of hunters among the prehistoric peoples studied were female, which suggests that the accepted view is that female participation was low, not that female participation was 'commonplace,' or ordinary or unremarkable. Although the study under discussion suggests that female participation may have been commonplace, that study is presented as challenging the accepted view, not as reinforcing the accepted view.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase? The artisans of the Igun Eronmwon guild in Benin City, Nigeria, typically ______blank the bronze- and brass-casting techniques that have been passed down through their families since the thirteenth century, but they don't strictly observe every tradition; for example, guild members now use air-conditioning motors instead of handheld bellows to help heat their forges.

  1. experiment with
  2. adhere to
  3. improve on
  4. grapple with

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 2 : adhere to

Craft and Structure Question 8 Detailed Solution

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Choice B is the best answer because it most logically completes the text's discussion of bronze- and brass-casting techniques used by the Igun Eronmwon guild. In this context 'adhere to' would mean to act in accordance with. The text states that although members of the Igun Eronmwon guild typically do something with techniques that have been passed down since the thirteenth century, they 'don't strictly observe every tradition.' By establishing a contrast with not always following traditions, the context suggests that guild members do typically adhere to traditional techniques. Choice A is incorrect because in this context 'experiment with' would mean to do something new with. Although using motors rather than manual bellows is presented as a new approach, the text establishes a contrast between what the guild members typically do with techniques that have been passed down over centuries and the idea that the members 'don't strictly observe every tradition.' The phrase 'experiment with' wouldn't support the contrast because regularly trying new things with the techniques would be an example of not strictly following all traditions. Choice C is incorrect because in this context 'improve on' would mean to make better. Although using motors rather than manual bellows might be an improved approach, the text establishes a contrast between what the guild members typically do with techniques that have been passed down over centuries and the idea that the members 'don't strictly observe every tradition.' The phrase 'improve on' wouldn't support the contrast because regularly making changes to the techniques would be an example of not strictly following all traditions. Choice D is incorrect because in this context 'grapple with' would mean to try hard to solve a difficult problem. Although bronze- and brass-casting are likely challenging tasks, nothing in the text suggests that the guild members have any particular difficulties with the techniques passed down since the thirteenth century.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase? Diego Velázquez was the leading artist in the court of King Philip IV of Spain during the seventeenth century, but his influence was hardly ______blank Spain: realist and impressionist painters around the world employed his techniques and echoed elements of his style.

  1. derived from
  2. recognized in
  3. confined to
  4. repressed by

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 3 : confined to

Craft and Structure Question 9 Detailed Solution

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Choice C is the best answer because it most logically completes the discussion of the artist Diego Velázquez's influence outside Spain. As used in this context, 'confined to' means restricted to. The text says that Velázquez was the leading artist in the Spanish court during the seventeenth century, but it also notes that other painters around the world were influenced by his techniques and style. Thus, Velázquez's influence was hardly (or almost not) confined to, or restricted to, Spain. Choice A is incorrect because if Velázquez was a leading artist in Spain, it doesn't make logical sense to claim that his influence was hardly (or almost not) derived from, or obtained from, Spain. Moreover, the other painters around the world who employed Velázquez's techniques would by definition be influenced by Spanish style. Choice B is incorrect because if Velázquez was a leading artist in the court of King Philip IV of Spain, then his influence must have been widely recognized, or acknowledged, rather than being hardly (or almost not) recognized. Choice D is incorrect because the text gives no indication that deliberately limiting Velázquez's influence outside Spain was ever considered by anyone. Thus, even if it is true that his influence was not repressed, or restrained, it doesn't make logical sense to say so in this context.

Based on the texts, how would the researchers in Text 2 most likely respond to the conclusion presented in the underlined portion of Text 1? Text 1 Polar bears sustain themselves primarily by hunting seals on the Arctic sea ice, but rising ocean temperatures are causing the ice to diminish, raising concerns about polar bear population declines as these large predators' seal-hunting habitats continue to shrink. A 2020 study examining polar bear populations across the Arctic concluded that populations affected by sea-ice loss are at great risk of extinction by the end of the twenty-first century. Text 2 Monitoring carried out by researchers from the Norwegian Polar Institute shows that the polar bear population on the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard remains stable and well nourished despite rapidly declining sea ice in recent years. The researchers attribute this population's resilience in part to a shift in feeding strategies: in addition to hunting seals, the Svalbard polar bears have begun relying on a diet of reindeer meat and birds' eggs.

  1. By noting that it neglects the possibility of some polar bear populations adapting to changes in their environment
  2. By suggesting that it is likely incorrect about the rates at which warming ocean temperatures have caused sea ice to melt in the Arctic
  3. By asserting that it overlooks polar bear populations that have not yet been affected by loss of seal-hunting habitats
  4. By arguing that it fails to account for polar bears' reliance on a single seal-hunting strategy

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 1 : By noting that it neglects the possibility of some polar bear populations adapting to changes in their environment

Craft and Structure Question 10 Detailed Solution

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Choice A is the best answer. Text 2 describes how the Svalbard polar bears have adapted to the loss of sea ice by diversifying their diet and feeding on reindeer and seabird eggs, resulting in a 'stable and well nourished' population despite environmental challenges. This counters the underlined claim that polar bears facing a loss of sea ice are at 'great risk of extinction' by the end of the century. Choice B is incorrect. Text 2 does not challenge the fact that sea ice is rapidly declining in the Arctic due to warming ocean temperatures. In fact, it states that the Svalbard polar bears have faced 'rapidly declining sea ice in recent years.' Choice C is incorrect. The claim in Text 1 is specific to polar bear populations affected by the loss of seal hunting habitats, so unaffected populations are irrelevant to the claim. Also, Text 2 doesn't mention any polar bear populations that haven't yet been affected by loss of seal hunting habitats. It focuses on a population that has been affected by sea-ice loss but has managed to survive and thrive nevertheless. Choice D is incorrect. Text 2 doesn't imply that polar bears rely on a single seal-hunting strategy. In fact, the researcher in Text 2 would say that Text 1 fails to account for polar bears' ability to develop other hunting strategies and food sources.

Based on the texts, how would the author of Text 2 most likely respond to the researchers' perspective in Text 1 on the behavior of the magpies without trackers? Text 1 Dominique Potvin and colleagues captured five Australian magpies (Gymnorhina tibicen) to test a new design for attaching tracking devices to birds. As the researchers fitted each magpie with a tracker attached by a small harness, they noticed some magpies without trackers pecking at another magpie's tracker until it broke off. The researchers suggest that this behavior could be evidence of magpies attempting to help another magpie without benefiting themselves. Text 2 It can be tempting to think that animals are deliberately providing help when we see them removing trackers and other equipment from one another, especially when a species is known to exhibit other cooperative behaviors. At the same time, it can be difficult to exclude the possibility that individuals are simply interested in the equipment because of its novelty, curiously pawing or pecking at it until it detaches.

  1. That behavior might have been due to the novelty of the magpies' captive setting rather than to the novelty of the tracker.
  2. That behavior likely indicates that the magpies were deliberately attempting to benefit themselves by obtaining the tracker.
  3. That behavior may not be evidence of selflessness in Gymnorhina tibicen because not all the captured magpies demonstrated it.
  4. That behavior might be adequately explained without suggesting that the magpies were attempting to assist the other magpie.

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 4 : That behavior might be adequately explained without suggesting that the magpies were attempting to assist the other magpie.

Craft and Structure Question 11 Detailed Solution

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Choice D is the best answer because it reflects how the author of Text 2 would most likely respond to the researchers' perspective in Text 1 on the behavior of the magpies without trackers. According to Text 1, Dominique Potvin and colleagues observed magpies without trackers pecking at a tracker on another magpie until the device fell off. The researchers suggested that the birds might have been attempting to help the other bird, with no benefit to themselves. Text 2 generally discusses scenarios in which animals have been observed removing trackers from each other. The text cautions that it shouldn't be assumed that these animals are helping one another deliberately, since they might simply be pecking at trackers out of curiosity, causing them to fall off eventually. Therefore, the author of Text 2 would most likely respond to Potvin and colleagues' perspective in Text 1 by saying that the behavior of the magpies without trackers could be adequately explained without suggesting that they were attempting to assist the other magpie.Choice A is incorrect because Text 2 never discusses the novelty, or the newness and unusual quality, of the captive settings in which animals have been observed to remove trackers from other animals, nor does it suggest that such novelty might account for this behavior. Instead, the text suggests that it's the novelty of the tracking equipment itself that might cause the behavior: interested in the trackers because they're unusual, animals might paw or peck at them until they fall off. Choice B is incorrect because Text 2 never suggests that when animals remove trackers from other animals, they do so because they wish to obtain the trackers for themselves. Instead, Text 2 argues that animals paw or peck at trackers because they are merely curious about them. Choice C is incorrect because Text 2 doesn't argue that when captured animals are observed removing trackers from each other, their behavior should be regarded as selfless only if all of them participate in it. Instead, the text argues that the behavior may not be selfless at all and may instead be attributed to animals' curiosity about the new and unusual trackers.

Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole? The 1967 release of Harold Cruse's book The Crisis of the Negro Intellectual isolated him from almost all other scholars and activists of the American Civil Rights Movement-though many of those thinkers disagreed with each other, he nonetheless found ways to disagree with them all. He thought that activists who believed that Black people such as himself should culturally assimilate were naïve. But he also sharply criticized Black nationalists such as Marcus Garvey who wanted to establish independent, self-contained Black economies and societies, even though Cruse himself identified as a Black nationalist.

  1. It describes a direction that Cruse felt the Civil Rights Movement ought to take.
  2. It indicates that Cruse's reputation as a persistent antagonist of other scholars is undeserved.
  3. It describes a controversy that Cruse's work caused within the Black nationalist movement.
  4. It helps explain Cruse's position with respect to the community of civil rights thinkers.

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 4 : It helps explain Cruse's position with respect to the community of civil rights thinkers.

Craft and Structure Question 12 Detailed Solution

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Choice D is the best answer. The text as a whole claims that Cruse disagreed with virtually all other Civil Rights scholars and activists. The underlined sentence describes one way that Cruse both did and didn't fit in with those thinkers: he criticized Black nationalists, even though he identified as one. Choice A is incorrect. The underlined sentence doesn't do this. It describes Cruse's criticisms-it never mentions what Cruse did want the movement to do instead. Choice B is incorrect. This conflicts with the text, which argues that Cruse did disagree with almost all other scholars of the Civil Rights Movement. Choice C is incorrect. This is a step too far. The text never says that Cruse's work caused controversy within the Black nationalist movement.

Which choice best describes a difference in how the author of Text 1 and the author of Text 2 view Strassburg's team's study? Text 1 A team led by Bernardo Strassburg has found that rewilding farmland (returning the land to its natural state) could help preserve biodiversity and offset carbon emissions. The amount of farmland that would need to be restored, they found, is remarkably low. Rewilding a mere 15% of the world's current farmland would prevent 60% of expected species extinctions and help absorb nearly 299 gigatons of carbon dioxide-a clear win in the fight against the biodiversity and climate crises. Text 2 While Strassburg's team's findings certainly offer encouraging insight into the potential benefits of rewilding, it's important to consider potential effects on global food supplies. The researchers suggest that to compensate for the loss of food-producing land, remaining farmland would need to produce even more food. Thus, policies focused on rewilding farmland must also address strategies for higher-yield farming.

  1. The author of Text 2 approaches the study's findings with some caution, whereas the author of Text 1 is optimistic about the reported potential environmental benefits.
  2. The author of Text 2 claims that the percentage of farmland identified by Strassburg's team is too low for rewilding to achieve meaningful results, whereas the author of Text 1 thinks the percentage is sufficient.
  3. The author of Text 2 believes that the results described by Strassburg's team are achievable in the near future, whereas the author of Text 1 argues that they likely aren't.
  4. The author of Text 2 focuses on rewilding's effect on carbon emissions, whereas the author of Text 1 focuses on its effect on biodiversity.

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 1 : The author of Text 2 approaches the study's findings with some caution, whereas the author of Text 1 is optimistic about the reported potential environmental benefits.

Craft and Structure Question 13 Detailed Solution

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Choice A is the best answer. Text 1 is extremely positive about Strassburg's team's findings, calling the potential results "a clear win in the fight against the biodiversity and climate crises." Text 2 is not as positive, arguing that while the findings point to "potential benefits," we also need to consider the "potential effects on global food supplies."Choice B is incorrect. This isn't a difference between the two views. Text 1 does present the 15% number as enough to achieve meaningful results, but that's not what Text 2 takes issue with: rather, Text 2 argues that we need to consider the effect that rewilding this much farmland would have on food supplies. Choice C is incorrect. This isn't a difference between the two views. Neither text mentions the timeline for achieving the results described by Strassburg's team. Choice D is incorrect. This isn't a difference between the two views. Text 1 focuses on rewilding's effects on both carbon emissions and biodiversity. Text 2 doesn't focus on rewilding's effect on carbon emissions at all. Instead, it focuses on a third factor: global food supplies.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase? Researchers and conservationists stress that biodiversity loss due to invasive species is ______blank. For example, people can take simple steps such as washing their footwear after travel to avoid introducing potentially invasive organisms into new environments.

  1. preventable
  2. undeniable
  3. common
  4. concerning

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 1 : preventable

Craft and Structure Question 14 Detailed Solution

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Choice A is the best answer because it most logically completes the text's discussion of how biodiversity loss due to invasive species can be avoided. As used in this context, 'preventable' means able to be stopped or kept from happening. The text indicates that 'people can take simple steps' to avoid bringing possible invasive species into new environments. It presents these steps as an example of how biodiversity loss due to invasive species is preventable. Choice B is incorrect because it wouldn't make sense to say that a simple step like washing your shoes after traveling is an example of biodiversity loss due to invasive species being 'undeniable,' or something that can't be proved to be wrong. Although the text may suggest that biodiversity loss due to invasive species is something that really happens, the word that completes the text must make the first sentence into an assertion that is illustrated by the second sentence, and the second sentence illustrates the idea that biodiversity loss due to invasive species is preventable, not undeniable. Choice C is incorrect because it wouldn't make sense to say that a simple step like washing your shoes after traveling is an example of biodiversity loss due to invasive species being 'common,' or something that happens regularly. Additionally, the text doesn't provide any information about how frequently invasive species cause biodiversity loss. Choice D is incorrect because it wouldn't make sense to say that a simple step like washing your shoes after traveling is an example of biodiversity loss due to invasive species being 'concerning,' or something that is troubling or causes worry. Although the text implies that the phenomenon of biodiversity loss due to invasive species is itself a concerning phenomenon, the word that completes the text must make the first sentence into an assertion that is illustrated by the second sentence, and the second sentence illustrates the idea that biodiversity loss due to invasive species is preventable, not concerning.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase? The province of Xoconochco was situated on the Pacific coast, hundreds of kilometers southeast of Tenochtitlan, the capital of the Aztec Empire. Because Xoconochco's location within the empire was so ______blank, cacao and other trade goods produced there could reach the capital only after a long overland journey.

  1. unobtrusive
  2. concealed
  3. approximate
  4. peripheral

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 4 : peripheral

Craft and Structure Question 15 Detailed Solution

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Choice D is the best answer because it most logically completes the text's discussion of the location of the province of Xoconochco within the Aztec Empire. As used in this context, 'peripheral' means situated toward the outer bounds rather than the center. The text indicates that Xoconochco was located on a coast, hundreds of kilometers away from the capital of the Aztec Empire. The text also states that trade between the province and the capital required 'a long overland journey.' This context suggests that Xoconochco was situated toward an edge of the empire's territory rather than near its center. Choice A is incorrect because it wouldn't make sense in context to refer to Xoconochco's location within the Aztec Empire as 'unobtrusive,' or not blatant or undesirably prominent; it's not clear how a province's physical location would or wouldn't be blatant. Instead of focusing on how noticeable Xoconochco's location was, the text emphasizes the province's distance from the capital of the empire, pointing out that because of this distance trade between the two required 'a long overland journey.' Choice B is incorrect because the text indicates that the province of Xoconochco was located on a coast far from the capital of the Aztec Empire, not that it was 'concealed,' or kept out of sight or hidden from view. Nothing in the text suggests that Xoconochco was actually hidden such that people couldn't see it, and being hidden wouldn't necessarily result in trade between the province and the capital requiring 'a long overland journey.' Choice C is incorrect because to say that Xoconochco's location within the Aztec Empire was 'approximate' would mean that the location either wasn't precisely correct or was close to some other location. Neither of these meanings would make sense in context because the text indicates that Xoconochco's location is known and that it was far from the empire's capital, so there's no reason to characterize the location as either not precisely correct or close to another location.
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