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Text Structure and Purpose MCQ Quiz - Objective Question with Answer for Text Structure and Purpose - Download Free PDF

Last updated on Apr 10, 2025

Latest Text Structure and Purpose MCQ Objective Questions

Text Structure and Purpose Question 1:

But cultivating silence isn’t just about getting respite from the distractions of office chatter or tweets. Real sustained silence, the kind that facilitates clear and creative thinking, quiets inner chatter as well as outer. This kind of silence is about resting the mental reflexes that habitually protect a reputation or promote a point of view. It’s about taking a temporary break from one of life’s most basic responsibilities: Having to think of what to say.

Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the overall structure of the text?

  1. It contrasts the external silence of the environment with the internal silence of the mind.
  2. It defines the type of silence that aids both mental clarity and personal growth.
  3. It criticises the superficial forms of silence that fail to address deeper mental distractions.
  4. It explains how silence eliminates external noise but fails to address inner mental habits.

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 2 : It defines the type of silence that aids both mental clarity and personal growth.

Text Structure and Purpose Question 1 Detailed Solution

The correct answer is: option 2.

Key Points

  • Option 2 is correct because the underlined sentence ("Real sustained silence, the kind that facilitates clear and creative thinking, quiets inner chatter as well as outer.") defines the type of silence that aids both mental clarity and personal growth.
  • The sentence explicitly describes the characteristics of the type of silence that is beneficial, focusing on both internal and external quietness.
  • By emphasizing the value of this kind of sustained silence, it highlights its role in promoting clear and creative thinking, which is essential for mental clarity and personal growth.

Hence, the correct answer is: It defines the type of silence that aids both mental clarity and personal growth.

Additional Information

  • Let's see why the other options are incorrect:
    • Option 1: "It contrasts the external silence of the environment with the internal silence of the mind." This option is incorrect because while the sentence mentions both internal and external silence, it does not primarily focus on contrasting them.
    • Option 3: "It criticizes the superficial forms of silence that fail to address deeper mental distractions." This option is incorrect because the sentence does not criticize superficial forms of silence; rather, it defines the type of silence that is beneficial.
    • Option 4: "It explains how silence eliminates external noise but fails to address inner mental habits." This option is incorrect because the sentence actually states that the type of silence being discussed quiets both inner and outer chatter, addressing inner mental habits as well.

Text Structure and Purpose Question 2:

Watson is neutral about current events. He’s placing any given moment in a much greater context than the day or the week. Watson’s scale is grand and includes all of human history and its possible futures. In this very long view, nothing is such a big deal, although anything may become relevant eventually.

Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the overall structure of the text?

  1. It emphasises Watson’s focus on the narrower implications of events over their immediate significance.
  2. It dismisses the importance of current events by undermining their relevance to Watson's view.
  3. It introduces a paradox in Watson’s perspective by contrasting immediate events with their potential future significance.
  4. It provides a justification for Watson’s neutrality by placing current events in a historical and futuristic framework.

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 4 : It provides a justification for Watson’s neutrality by placing current events in a historical and futuristic framework.

Text Structure and Purpose Question 2 Detailed Solution

The correct answer is: option 4.

Key Points

  • Option 4 is correct because the underlined sentence ("Watson’s scale is grand and includes all of human history and its possible futures. In this very long view, nothing is such a big deal, although anything may become relevant eventually.") provides a justification for Watson’s neutrality by placing current events in a historical and futuristic framework.
  • The sentence explicitly highlights Watson’s grand perspective, which incorporates the entirety of human history and potential futures, thereby explaining why current events are not immediately significant to him.
  • By contextualizing current events within this extensive timeframe, it justifies Watson’s neutral stance.

Hence, the correct answer is: It provides a justification for Watson’s neutrality by placing current events in a historical and futuristic framework.

Additional Information

  • Let's see why the other options are incorrect:
    • Option 1: "It emphasises Watson’s focus on the narrower implications of events over their immediate significance." This option is incorrect because the underlined sentence emphasizes a broad, rather than narrow, perspective.
    • Option 2: "It dismisses the importance of current events by undermining their relevance to Watson's view." This option is incorrect because the underlined sentence does not dismiss the importance of current events; it places them within a larger context.
    • Option 3: "It introduces a paradox in Watson’s perspective by contrasting immediate events with their potential future significance." This option is partially true, but it’s not the primary function of the underlined sentence. The main focus is on justifying Watson’s neutrality rather than introducing a paradox.

Text Structure and Purpose Question 3:

When it comes to effects on the self, US psychologists showed that employees in formal attire felt more competent, while those in casual clothing felt more friendly. Although it’s a contentious area, there’s even evidence that what we wear can shape how we think – for instance, more formal clothing appears to encourage people to see the bigger picture and to eat more healthily – an effect that the social psychologists Hajo Adam and Adam Galinsky called ‘enclothed cognition’.

Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the overall structure of the text?

  1. Formal attire encourages individuals to think more broadly and adopt healthier habits, demonstrating the psychological impact of clothing on behavior and decisions.
  2. Casual clothing fosters better decision-making by encouraging individuals to focus on the bigger picture and make healthier lifestyle choices.
  3. Formal clothing only influences eating habits and has no significant impact on broader cognitive processes or decision-making.
  4. Enclothed cognition is limited to the emotional impact of clothing on friendliness and confidence in professional environments.

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 1 : Formal attire encourages individuals to think more broadly and adopt healthier habits, demonstrating the psychological impact of clothing on behavior and decisions.

Text Structure and Purpose Question 3 Detailed Solution

The correct answer is: option 1.

Key Points

  • Option 1 is correct because the underlined sentence (more formal clothing appears to encourage people to see the bigger picture and to eat more healthily) illustrates the psychological impact of clothing on behavior and decisions.
  • It provides evidence that formal attire can influence not just how people feel about themselves but also how they think and make decisions.
  • This supports the broader argument that clothing can have a significant effect on various cognitive processes, as highlighted by the concept of ‘enclothed cognition’.

Hence, the correct answer is: Formal attire encourages individuals to think more broadly and adopt healthier habits, demonstrating the psychological impact of clothing on behavior and decisions.

Additional Information

  • Let's see why the other options are incorrect:
    • Option 2: "Casual clothing fosters better decision-making by encouraging individuals to focus on the bigger picture and make healthier lifestyle choices." This option is incorrect because the text states that formal clothing, not casual clothing, encourages broader thinking and healthier choices.
    • Option 3: "Formal clothing only influences eating habits and has no significant impact on broader cognitive processes or decision-making." This option is incorrect because the text indicates that formal clothing influences both broader cognitive processes and eating habits.
    • Option 4: "Enclothed cognition is limited to the emotional impact of clothing on friendliness and confidence in professional environments." This option is incorrect because the concept of ‘enclothed cognition’ extends beyond just emotional impact to include cognitive processes and decision-making as well.

Text Structure and Purpose Question 4:

Within the past three decades, environmental scientists and urban designers have suggested that place authenticity is all about sensory experiences. According to this view, it is places rich in sensory stimuli – such as sights, sounds and smells – that enhance our perception of authenticity by engaging our senses and creating memorable experiences. However, our recent research challenges this conventional idea, revealing that the experience of authenticity is more complex. Sensory experiences can contribute to a sense of authenticity, but they are far from the sole determinant.

Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the overall structure of the text?

  1. Authenticity arises primarily from sensory experiences that evoke emotional and memorable connections to a place.
  2. Sensory stimuli like sights, sounds, and smells are the sole determinant of a place's authenticity.
  3. Rich sensory stimuli contribute to perceived authenticity but cannot fully define it without personal or cultural contexts.
  4. Memorable experiences created by sensory engagement are central to defining a place’s authenticity and are universally applicable.

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 3 : Rich sensory stimuli contribute to perceived authenticity but cannot fully define it without personal or cultural contexts.

Text Structure and Purpose Question 4 Detailed Solution

The correct answer is: option 3.

Key Points

  • Option 3 is correct because the underlined sentence emphasizes that while sensory experiences contribute to perceived authenticity, they are not sufficient to fully define it without considering personal or cultural contexts.
  • The sentence explicitly challenges the conventional idea that sensory experiences alone determine authenticity, thereby introducing the complexity of the concept which includes additional factors beyond sensory stimuli.
  • By highlighting the limitations of sensory experiences in determining authenticity, the sentence underscores the importance of integrating personal or cultural contexts in understanding place authenticity.

Hence, the correct answer is: Rich sensory stimuli contribute to perceived authenticity but cannot fully define it without personal or cultural contexts.

Additional Information

  • Let's see why the other options are incorrect:
    • Option 1: "Authenticity arises primarily from sensory experiences that evoke emotional and memorable connections to a place." This option is incorrect because the underlined sentence specifically challenges the idea that sensory experiences alone are the primary source of authenticity.
    • Option 2: "Sensory stimuli like sights, sounds, and smells are the sole determinant of a place's authenticity." This option is incorrect because the underlined sentence states that sensory stimuli are not the sole determinant of authenticity.
    • Option 4: "Memorable experiences created by sensory engagement are central to defining a place’s authenticity and are universally applicable." This option is incorrect because the underlined sentence indicates that sensory experiences are not universally applicable as the central determinant of authenticity.

Text Structure and Purpose Question 5:

Feeling sadness is not, in itself, a problem. It’s what you do with sadness that can be helpful or problematic. Many of us tend to avoid or suppress unpleasant emotional experiences. Unfortunately, this can come at a cost to physical and mental health in the long term. Think of an emotion like sadness as a bit like food that needs to be digested in order to move through you. When left undigested, it can sit there for a long time and cause unintended consequences. 

Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the overall structure of the text?

  1. Sadness is an emotion that should be ignored for mental peace.
  2. Processing emotions like sadness is essential to prevent them from lingering and causing harm.
  3. Suppressing sadness can make it easier to move on quickly from difficult experiences.
  4. Emotions like sadness are fleeting and do not require active acknowledgment or processing.

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 2 : Processing emotions like sadness is essential to prevent them from lingering and causing harm.

Text Structure and Purpose Question 5 Detailed Solution

The correct answer is: option 2.

Key Points

  • Option 2 is correct because the underlined sentence ("Think of an emotion like sadness as a bit like food that needs to be digested in order to move through you. When left undigested, it can sit there for a long time and cause unintended consequences.") emphasizes the importance of processing emotions like sadness.
  • The sentence uses a metaphor to illustrate that if sadness is not processed, it can linger and lead to negative consequences, thus highlighting the necessity of dealing with emotions properly.
  • By comparing emotions to food that needs to be digested, it makes the concept more relatable and underscores the potential harm of ignoring or suppressing sadness.

Hence, the correct answer is: Processing emotions like sadness is essential to prevent them from lingering and causing harm.

Additional Information

  • Let's see why the other options are incorrect:
    • Option 1: "Sadness is an emotion that should be ignored for mental peace." This option is incorrect because the text argues against ignoring or suppressing sadness, as it can lead to long-term negative effects.
    • Option 3: "Suppressing sadness can make it easier to move on quickly from difficult experiences." This option is incorrect because the text suggests that suppressing sadness can have harmful long-term consequences, rather than making it easier to move on.
    • Option 4: "Emotions like sadness are fleeting and do not require active acknowledgment or processing." This option is incorrect because the text emphasizes the importance of actively processing emotions like sadness to prevent them from causing harm.

Top Text Structure and Purpose MCQ Objective Questions

Text Structure and Purpose Question 6

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Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole? The 1967 release of Harold Cruse's book The Crisis of the Negro Intellectual isolated him from almost all other scholars and activists of the American Civil Rights Movement-though many of those thinkers disagreed with each other, he nonetheless found ways to disagree with them all. He thought that activists who believed that Black people such as himself should culturally assimilate were naïve. But he also sharply criticized Black nationalists such as Marcus Garvey who wanted to establish independent, self-contained Black economies and societies, even though Cruse himself identified as a Black nationalist.

  1. It describes a direction that Cruse felt the Civil Rights Movement ought to take.
  2. It indicates that Cruse's reputation as a persistent antagonist of other scholars is undeserved.
  3. It describes a controversy that Cruse's work caused within the Black nationalist movement.
  4. It helps explain Cruse's position with respect to the community of civil rights thinkers.

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 4 : It helps explain Cruse's position with respect to the community of civil rights thinkers.

Text Structure and Purpose Question 6 Detailed Solution

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Choice D is the best answer. The text as a whole claims that Cruse disagreed with virtually all other Civil Rights scholars and activists. The underlined sentence describes one way that Cruse both did and didn't fit in with those thinkers: he criticized Black nationalists, even though he identified as one. Choice A is incorrect. The underlined sentence doesn't do this. It describes Cruse's criticisms-it never mentions what Cruse did want the movement to do instead. Choice B is incorrect. This conflicts with the text, which argues that Cruse did disagree with almost all other scholars of the Civil Rights Movement. Choice C is incorrect. This is a step too far. The text never says that Cruse's work caused controversy within the Black nationalist movement.
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Text Structure and Purpose Question 7

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Which choice best describes the function of the underlined portion in the text as a whole? Part of the Atacama Desert in Peru has surprisingly rich plant life despite receiving almost no rainfall. Moisture from winter fog sustains plants once they're growing, but the soil's tough crust makes it hard for seeds to germinate in the first place. Local birds that dig nests in the ground seem to be of help: they churn the soil, exposing buried seeds to moisture and nutrients. Indeed, in 2016 Cristina Rengifo Faiffer found that mounds of soil dug up by birds were far more fertile and supported more seedlings than soil in undisturbed areas.

  1. It elaborates on the idea that the top layer of Atacama Desert soil forms a tough crust.
  2. It describes the process by which seeds are deposited into Atacama Desert soil.
  3. It identifies the reason particular bird species dig nests in Atacama Desert soil.
  4. It explains how certain birds promote seed germination in Atacama Desert soil.

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 4 : It explains how certain birds promote seed germination in Atacama Desert soil.

Text Structure and Purpose Question 7 Detailed Solution

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Choice D is the best answer because it most accurately describes how the underlined portion functions in the text as a whole. The first two sentences establish a natural phenomenon: there is a richness of plant life found in the Atacama Desert despite the hard soil that makes it challenging for seeds to germinate. The next sentence, which contains the underlined portion, offers a potential explanation for the phenomenon: local birds dig ground nests exposing seeds to moisture and materials in the soil necessary for germination. The last sentence summarizes a study that compared the fertileness of mounds of dirt dug up by birds to mounds that were undisturbed to support the explanation in the underlined portion. Thus, the underlined portion mainly functions to explain how certain birds promote seed germination in the Atacama Desert soil. Choice A is incorrect because the underlined portion doesn't address the topic of the soil's tough crust or its formation. Instead, the text elaborates on the idea that local birds that build ground nests may help seeds germinate in the hard soil. Choice B is incorrect because the underlined portion describes how some birds may support seed germination in Atacama Desert soil but doesn't describe how the seeds are deposited into the soil before germination begins. Choice C is incorrect because neither the underlined portion nor the text as a whole identifies a reason that a particular bird species may choose to dig ground nests in the Atacama Desert soil.
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Text Structure and Purpose Question 8

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Which choice best describes the function of the underlined portion in the text as a whole? Horizontal gene transfer occurs when an organism of one species acquires genetic material from an organism of another species through nonreproductive means. The genetic material can then be transferred 'vertically' in the second species-that is, through reproductive inheritance. Scientist Atma Ivancevic and her team have hypothesized infection by invertebrate parasites as a mechanism of horizontal gene transfer between vertebrate species: while feeding, a parasite could acquire a gene from one host, then relocate to a host from a different vertebrate species and transfer the gene to it in turn.

  1. It explains why parasites are less susceptible to horizontal gene transfer than their hosts are.
  2. It clarifies why some genes are more likely to be transferred horizontally than others are.
  3. It contrasts how horizontal gene transfer occurs among vertebrates with how it occurs among invertebrates.
  4. It describes a means by which horizontal gene transfer might occur among vertebrates.

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 4 : It describes a means by which horizontal gene transfer might occur among vertebrates.

Text Structure and Purpose Question 8 Detailed Solution

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Choice D is the best answer. The text defines horizontal gene transfer and then gives one possibility for how it happens in vertebrates (via infection by parasites). The underlined part describes how that mechanism could work. Choice A is incorrect. The underlined portion doesn't do this. Parasites are only described as the mechanism that does the transferring, not the species that gives or receives the genes. Choice B is incorrect. The underlined portion doesn't do this. The text never discusses which genes are more likely to be transferred. Choice C is incorrect. The underlined portion doesn't do this. The text never discusses how horizontal gene transfer occurs among invertebrates.
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Text Structure and Purpose Question 9

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Which choice best states the function of the underlined sentence in the overall structure of the text? The following text is from Herman Melville's 1854 novel The Lightning-rod Man. The stranger still stood in the exact middle of the cottage, where he had first planted himself. His singularity impelled a closer scrutiny. A lean, gloomy figure. Hair dark and lank, mattedly streaked over his brow. His sunken pitfalls of eyes were ringed by indigo halos, and played with an innocuous sort of lightning: the gleam without the bolt. The whole man was dripping. He stood in a puddle on the bare oak floor: his strange walking-stick vertically resting at his side.

  1. It elaborates on the previous sentence's description of the character.
  2. It introduces the setting that is described in the sentences that follow.
  3. It establishes a contrast with the description in the previous sentence.
  4. It sets up the character description presented in the sentences that follow.

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 4 : It sets up the character description presented in the sentences that follow.

Text Structure and Purpose Question 9 Detailed Solution

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Choice D is the best answer. This best states the function of the underlined sentence. The sentence basically says: 'He stood out, so I looked more closely at him.' Then the rest of the text describes him in detail. Choice A is incorrect. This doesn't state the function of the underlined sentence. The previous sentence basically says: 'He was still standing in the middle of the cottage'-it doesn't include any description of the character himself. Choice B is incorrect. This doesn't state the function of the underlined sentence. The following sentences describe the character, not the setting. Choice C is incorrect. This doesn't state the function of the underlined sentence. The underlined sentence basically says: 'He stood out, so I looked more closely at him.' The previous sentence basically says: 'He was still standing in the middle of the cottage.' There's no contrast between these two sentences.
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Text Structure and Purpose Question 10

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Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence? Genetic studies have led researchers to suggest that turtles are most closely related to the group that includes modern crocodiles. But studies of fossils have suggested instead that turtles are most closely related to other groups, such as the one that contains modern snakes. However, many of the fossil studies have relied on incomplete data sets. For a 2022 investigation, biologist Tiago R. Simões and colleagues examined more than 1,000 reptile fossils collected worldwide. From this large data set, they found clear agreement with the results of the genetic studies.

  1. It offers an overview of the tools scientists use to examine fossils.
  2. It describes a limitation of some studies about the origin of turtles.
  3. It summarizes previous research on the evolution of crocodiles.
  4. It criticizes a widely held belief about genetic studies of reptiles.

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 2 : It describes a limitation of some studies about the origin of turtles.

Text Structure and Purpose Question 10 Detailed Solution

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Choice B is the best answer. The sentence mentions that some fossil studies have relied on incomplete data sets, suggesting that these studies are limited in what they can tell us about turtles' origins.Choice A is incorrect. While the sentence mentions the incompleteness of the data sets studied, it doesn't mention any tools or techniques used to examine fossils. Choice C is incorrect. The sentence doesn't mention anything about the evolution of crocodiles. Choice D is incorrect. This sentence doesn't directly mention or criticize any "widely held belief," and it focuses on a limitation of fossil studies of reptiles, not genetic studies.
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Text Structure and Purpose Question 11

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Which choice best describes the function of the underlined portion in the text as a whole? Industrial activity is often assumed to be a threat to wildlife, but that isn't always so. Consider the silver-studded blue butterfly (Plebejus argus): as forest growth has reduced grasslands in northern Germany, many of these butterflies have left meadow habitats and are now thriving in active limestone quarries. In a survey of multiple active quarries and patches of maintained grassland, an ecologist found silver-studded blue butterflies in 100% of the quarries but only 57% of the grassland patches. Moreover, butterfly populations in the quarries were four times larger than those in the meadows.

  1. It challenges a common assumption about the species under investigation in the research referred to in the text.
  2. It introduces discussion of a specific example that supports the general claim made in the previous sentence.
  3. It suggests that a certain species should be included in additional studies like the one mentioned later in the text.
  4. It provides a definition for an unfamiliar term that is central to the main argument in the text.

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 2 : It introduces discussion of a specific example that supports the general claim made in the previous sentence.

Text Structure and Purpose Question 11 Detailed Solution

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Choice B is the best answer because it most accurately describes how the underlined portion functions in the text as a whole. The first sentence presents the general claim that industrial activity is not always a threat to wildlife. The underlined portion of the sentence that follows suggests that the silver-studded blue butterfly is an example of wildlife thriving in areas of industrial activity: active limestone quarries. Thus, the function of the underlined portion is to introduce a specific example in support of the general claim in the previous sentence. Choice A is incorrect. Although the first sentence indicates that 'industrial activity is often assumed' to harm wildlife, in the case of the silver-studded blue butterfly the text mentions neither an assumption about this species nor any challenge to such an assumption. Choice C is incorrect because the text mentions only one study: the 'survey.' Additional studies are not mentioned in the text. Choice D is incorrect because neither the underlined portion nor any other portion of the text provides a definition for any of the terms used in the text's argument.
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Text Structure and Purpose Question 12

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Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole? In 1801, a Blackfoot chief named Ac Ko Mok Ki drew a finely detailed map of the Upper Missouri region. This work demonstrates a vast amount of topographic knowledge, as the map features specific names of mountains and rivers, as well as the first-known sketch of the drainage network of the Missouri River. The map is especially notable because Ac Ko Mok Ki also included details about the numerous tribes that lived in the area.

  1. It emphasizes Ac Ko Mok Ki's desire to represent other tribes on the map.
  2. It explains how Ac Ko Mok Ki developed an interest in mapmaking.
  3. It identifies some reasons why the map is impressive.
  4. It details how the map was used for hunting and trading purposes.

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 3 : It identifies some reasons why the map is impressive.

Text Structure and Purpose Question 12 Detailed Solution

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Choice C is the best answer because it best describes how the underlined sentence functions in the text as a whole. The text presents information about a map drawn by Blackfoot chief Ac Ko Mok Ki in 1801. The underlined sentence states that the map "demonstrates a vast amount of topographic knowledge" and mentions that it features the "specific names of mountains and rivers" and includes the first-known sketch of the Missouri River's drainage network. These are all characteristics that indicate that the map was executed with remarkable skill. Thus, the underlined sentence identifies some reasons why the map is impressive.Choice A is incorrect. Though the sentence after the underlined sentence in the text mentions that Ac Ko Mok Ki included information about other tribes on his map, the underlined sentence itself does not address this topic. Choice B is incorrect because nothing in the underlined sentence indicates how Ac Ko Mok Ki became interested in mapmaking, only that his mapmaking skills are impressive. Choice D is incorrect because though the underlined sentence describes several features of the map, it does not specifically describe how the map was used.
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Text Structure and Purpose Question 13

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Which choice best describes the function of the underlined portion in the text as a whole? Streams and rivers carry soil and rocks from one location to another. But there is another way for these geological materials to move. Scientists call this process 'aeolian transport.' In aeolian transport, winds move small particles of soil or rock over potentially great distances. Geologist Melisa Diaz and her team studied dust in Antarctica to find out if it was moved by aeolian transport. They discovered that the dust matched geological material in Australia. Aeolian transport had carried it from one continent to another, across thousands of miles of open ocean.

  1. It presents Melisa Diaz's remarks about difficulties that her team encountered.
  2. It introduces a scientific term that is used in the discussion that follows.
  3. It emphasizes the surprising nature of the findings that are presented.
  4. It explains the difference between two kinds of geological material.

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 2 : It introduces a scientific term that is used in the discussion that follows.

Text Structure and Purpose Question 13 Detailed Solution

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Choice B is the best answer because it most accurately describes the function of the underlined portion in the text as a whole. The first two sentences introduce the idea that soil and rocks can be moved from one location to another by something other than rivers and streams. The underlined sentence then states that the term used by scientists to refer to this process is 'aeolian transport.' The discussion that follows explains what aeolian transport is (the movement of small geological materials over potentially great distances by the wind) and describes an example of a study that found that dust particles had been moved by aeolian transport from Australia to Antarctica. Thus, the underlined portion introduces a scientific term that is used in the discussion that follows. Choice A is incorrect because the underlined portion of the text doesn't present any remarks from Melisa Diaz, nor does it suggest that Diaz and her team encountered difficulties in their study. Instead, the phrase in quotation marks in the underlined portion simply presents a term that is used by scientists to refer to a specific process discussed in the text. Choice C is incorrect because nothing in either the underlined portion or the text as a whole suggests that the findings of the study presented in the text were surprising or unexpected. In fact, the text suggests that Diaz and her team wanted to see if aeolian transport could explain the appearance of certain geological materials in Antarctica, and their findings did indeed confirm the involvement of aeolian transport. Choice D is incorrect. Although the first sentence of the text mentions soil and rocks, which are two different kinds of geological material, the underlined portion doesn't refer to these materials, nor does it explain the difference between them. Rather, the underlined portion introduces the scientific term 'aeolian transport,' which is used in the discussion that follows.
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Text Structure and Purpose Question 14

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Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole? When ancient oak planks were unearthed during subway construction in Rome, Mauro Bernabei and his team examined the growth rings in the wood to determine where these planks came from. By comparing the growth rings on the planks to records of similar rings in oaks from Europe, the team could trace the wood to the Jura region of France, hundreds of kilometers from Rome. Because timber could only have been transported from distant Jura to Rome by boat, the team's findings suggest the complexity of Roman trade routes.

  1. It presents a conclusion about Roman trade routes based on the team's findings.
  2. It questions how the team was able to conclude that the planks were used to build a boat.
  3. It explains why the planks were made from oak rather than a different kind of wood.
  4. It describes common methods used in Roman subway construction.

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 1 : It presents a conclusion about Roman trade routes based on the team's findings.

Text Structure and Purpose Question 14 Detailed Solution

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Choice A is the best answer because it most accurately describes how the underlined sentence functions in the text as a whole. The first sentence explains that Bernabei and his team studied growth rings to obtain information about the ancient oak planks found during a construction project in Rome. The next sentence presents what the researchers learned: the wood from the planks came from France's Jura region, which is far from Rome. The underlined sentence then presents the implications of the findings about the planks: the wood must have been brought to Rome by boat, a difficult task that suggests Roman trade routes were complex. Thus, the underlined sentence mainly functions to present a conclusion about Roman trade routes based on the team's findings. Choice B is incorrect because the text doesn't suggest that the team thought the ancient planks were used in the construction of a boat, nor does the underlined sentence question that conclusion. Instead, the text states that the wood could only have been transported from Jura to Rome in a boat. Choice C is incorrect because the underlined sentence simply offers a conclusion drawn from the team's findings about the likely place of origin of the ancient planks; the text never mentions why oak was chosen for the planks instead of other wood. Choice D is incorrect because neither the underlined sentence nor the text as a whole addresses any methods that Romans used in constructing subways. Instead, the underlined sentence offers a conclusion drawn from the team's findings about the likely place of origin of the ancient wooden planks discovered.
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Text Structure and Purpose Question 15

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Which choice best describes the function of the underlined portion in the text as a whole? The following text is from Charlotte Forten Grimké's 1888 poem 'At Newport.' Oh, deep delight to watch the gladsome wavesExultant leap upon the rugged rocks;Ever repulsed, yet ever rushing on-Filled with a life that will not know defeat;To see the glorious hues of sky and sea.The distant snowy sails, glide spirit like,Into an unknown world, to feel the sweetEnchantment of the sea thrill all the soul,Clearing the clouded brain, making the heartLeap joyous as it own bright, singing waves!

  1. It portrays the surroundings as an imposing and intimidating scene.
  2. It characterizes the sea's waves as a relentless and enduring force.
  3. It conveys the speaker's ambivalence about the natural world.
  4. It draws a contrast between the sea's waves and the speaker's thoughts.

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 2 : It characterizes the sea's waves as a relentless and enduring force.

Text Structure and Purpose Question 15 Detailed Solution

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Choice B is the best answer because it most accurately describes how the underlined portion functions in the text as a whole. The text presents the speaker's experience of viewing the sea. In the underlined portion, the speaker focuses on the idea that the waves hitting rocks on the shore are a relentless and enduring force: they are constantly pushed back ('ever repulsed') but always return ('ever rushing on'), as though they have an energy that can't be overcome ('a life that will not know defeat'). Choice A is incorrect. Although the underlined portion characterizes the waves as a relentless force (always 'repulsed' but still 'rushing on' and never being defeated), the speaker doesn't suggest that the surroundings are intimidating. Instead, the speaker presents the scene in a positive way, describing the 'deep delight' of the 'gladsome,' or cheerful, waves and feeling 'the heart / Leap joyous' while viewing the sea. Choice C is incorrect because the underlined portion doesn't suggest that the speaker is ambivalent, or has mixed feelings about, the natural world. Instead, it presents a single view of one part of the immediate surroundings: the speaker characterizes the sea's waves as an unstoppable force, since they are constantly pushed back but always return ('ever repulsed, yet ever rushing on'). Choice D is incorrect. Although the text later suggests the speaker's view of her own thoughts by referring to a 'clouded brain' and a heart that leaps joyously, this reference neither occurs within the underlined portion nor establishes a clear contrast with the relentless determination of the waves. The underlined portion addresses only the speaker's view of the waves and doesn't suggest what her own thoughts might be.
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