Fibroblast cells are a unique type of biological cell that play a critical role in the formation of collagen and the extracellular matrix, also known as stroma, which provides the structural framework for animal tissues. They are particularly important for the process of wound healing. In fact, fibroblasts are the most common type of connective tissue cells found in animals.
These cells are typically located in the stroma of the extracellular matrix areas. They perform various functions, especially during the tissue healing process, providing the structural foundation for tissues and organs.
Fibroblasts are responsible for the production of various types of fibres such as reticular, elastic, glycosaminoglycan, and collagen. In growing individuals, fibroblasts multiply and produce a substance known as ground substance. When tissue damage occurs, it stimulates the production of fibroblasts and increases the activity of fibrocytes. Here are some other crucial functions of fibroblasts:
- Inflammation: While fibroblasts are primarily known for their structural role, they also have a significant part in the immune response to tissue injury. They are crucial during the initial stages of inflammation, particularly when invasive bacteria are present.
- Mediating Tumour Growth: Tumour-associated host fibroblasts (TAFs) produce elements and modulators of the extracellular matrix (ECM) which are critical for immune regulation. TAFs are recognized for their significant role in the inflammatory response and immune suppression in tumours.
- Secondary Functions: Mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) are commonly used as “feeder cells” in research involving human embryonic stem cells. Apart from maintaining the pluripotency of stem cells, fibroblasts can also aid in the differentiation of stem cells into specific cell types, such as cardiomyocytes.
- Immune Response in Host: Fibroblasts from various anatomical parts of the body express several genes that code for immune mediators and proteins. These mediators of the immune response allow cells to interact with hematopoietic immune cells.
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