Highway Development and Planning MCQ Quiz - Objective Question with Answer for Highway Development and Planning - Download Free PDF

Explanation

Centre lines

• A dashed marking is used as a lane divider, or to indicate that a road, or a cycle path, has two-way traffic on it.
• Centre line markings are used in a roadway meant for two-way traffic.

Additional Information 

Turn markings

No passing zone markings

Two-lane roads may have “no passing zones” marked with a SOLID YELLOW LINE. No passing zones are on hills or curves where you cannot see far enough ahead to pass safely. You must complete passing before you enter the no-passing zone.

Stop lines

Stop line indicates the position beyond which the vehicles should not proceed when required to stop by traffic police, traffic signals or other traffic control devices. Stop lines should either be parallel to the intersecting roadway or at right angles to the approaching vehicle.

Explanation:

• Spread foundations are shallow foundations used to support bridge piers or abutments when the soil near the surface has sufficient bearing capacity to carry the loads.

• They transfer the load from the structure to the soil by spreading it over a large area.

• These foundations are economical and easier to construct when good soil is found at shallow depths.

• If the good soil is deep or water depth is large, other foundation types like pile foundations are preferred.

 Additional Information

A spread foundation is a type of shallow foundation that spreads the load from a structure over a large area near the surface to ensure the soil can safely carry the load without excessive settlement or failure.

• Purpose:
  It is used to transfer structural loads to the soil when the bearing capacity of the soil near the surface is adequate.

• Types of Spread Foundations:

  • Isolated Footing: Supports a single column or pier.

  • Combined Footing: Supports two or more columns when they are close enough.

  • Strip Footing: Used for load-bearing walls, distributes load along the length of the wall.

  • Mat or Raft Foundation: Large continuous slab supporting multiple columns or an entire building.

Explanation:

Return wing wall:

• When angle of splay becomes 90^o, the wing walls are known as the return wing walls.
• Such wing walls are preferred to the splayed wing walls in case of very high embankments.
• When the return wing walls are adopted, it is possible to suitably extend the parapet walls on either side of the bridge beyond the abutment.
• The return wing walls are taken sufficiently inside so that the earth slope along them terminates outside the waterway.
• These walls confine the formation of the approaches and add to their strength.

Additional Information

Following are the usual types of the bridge piers:

1. Column bents
2. Cylinder piers
3. Dumb-bell piers
4. Pile bents
5. Solid piers
6. Trestle bents

Explanation:

1. Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate (PETN) is a highly explosive compound used in both military and civilian applications, including tunneling operations and in the manufacturing of detonators and explosives.

2. PETN is a powerful, stable explosive and is often used in combination with other materials for controlled demolition or blasting operations.

 Additional InformationTypes of Explosives  

1. Dynamite: A high-energy explosive used in tunneling, effective for breaking hard rock and creating large blasts. It has a relatively quick detonation speed and is versatile for various tunneling conditions.

2. ANFO (Ammonium Nitrate Fuel Oil): A cost-effective, stable explosive often used for bulk blasting in soft to medium rock. It’s favored for large-scale operations due to its efficiency and low cost.

3. PETN (Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate): A highly sensitive explosive with a fast detonation velocity, used in tunneling for precise applications and where controlled blasting is required.

4. Gelignite: Similar to dynamite but with improved stability, Gelignite is commonly used in tunneling where a high degree of control is necessary, particularly in narrow or confined spaces.

5. TNT (Trinitrotoluene): Although less common than dynamite, TNT is used for specialized tunneling projects where a controlled, slower detonation is needed, providing predictable energy release.

Explanation:

In bridge construction, piers are the vertical supports that transfer the load from the superstructure (the bridge deck and other components above) to the foundation. They provide the necessary stability and support for the spans of the bridge.

1. Piers are located at regular intervals along the bridge and carry the weight of the bridge deck, vehicles, and any other loads acting on the bridge.

2. They help distribute the loads to the foundation, which is typically below the ground level.

 Additional Information

1. Deck: The deck is the roadway or surface of the bridge where vehicles or pedestrians travel. It does not transfer the load to the foundation; it is supported by the piers.

2. Expansion Joints: These are used to accommodate the thermal expansion and contraction of the bridge, but they don't support the superstructure or transfer the load to the foundation.

3. Bearings: While bearings provide support and allow for movement of the superstructure, they don't directly transfer the load to the foundation in the same way that piers do.

Explanation:

The various type of milestone color code being used in India for highways are specified in below tabulated form:

Build operate transfer (BOT):

• A build-operate-transfer (BOT) contract is a model used to finance large projects, typically infrastructure projects developed through Public-Private-Partnership.
• BOT projects are normally large-scale, greenfield infrastructure projects that would otherwise be financed, built and operated solely by the government.
• Under a build-operate-transfer (BOT) contract, an entity—usually a government—grants a concession to a private company to finance, build and operate a project for a period of 20-30 years, hoping to earn a profit.
• After that period, the project is returned to the public entity that originally granted the concession.
• Examples include a highway in Pakistan, a wastewater treatment facility in China and a power plant in the Philippines.
• 
• Build operate transfer (BOT) is a scheme under which public operators are invited to construct roads and bridges.

The national highways act:

• The national highways act was an Act to provide for the declaration of certain highways to be national highways and for matters connected therewith.
• It was enacted by Parliament in the Seventh Year of the Republic of India in 1956.
• This Act may be called the National Highways Act, 1956. 
• The amendment has done in 1997 aimed at revamping the existing one. 

Therefore, (A) is correct but (R) is not correct.

Concept

The first 20-year road plan is called the Nagpur Road plan (1943 - 1963)

Feature: This plan was a major attempt in planning for road development in a scientific manner.

The road length of 5,32,700 km with a density of 16 km of road length per 100 km area would be available by 1963.

All roads were classified into 5 categories

i) National Highway

ii) State Highway

iii) Major District Roads

iv) Other district roads

v) Village roads

They recommended the construction of star and grid pattern of road throughout the country.

Three road plans developed for the planning and construction of the road network are:

Bridges are classified into three categories on the basis of its floor position:

1. Deck Bridge: Super structure or floor of bridge is positioned in between the high flood level and formation level.

2. Through Bridge: Super structure of bridge is completely above the formation level.

3. Semi-Through Bridge: Super-structure of bridge is partly above and partly below the formation level.

Concept:

As per IRC 86: 2018, Table 3.1

Design Speed(km/h)​:

The design speed of urban expressways as per IRC is 80 km/h

Explanation:

The various road patterns may be classified as follows:

(a) Rectangular or block pattern

(b) Radial or star and block pattern

(c) Radial or star and circular pattern

(d) Radial or star and grid pattern

(e) Hexagonal pattern

Important points:

(i) The rectangular pattern has been adopted in the city roads of Chandigarh

(ii) Radial and circular pattern is the road network of Cannaught Place in New Delhi

Explanation:

The various type of milestone color codes being used in India for highways are specified in the below-tabulated form:

From the above table, We can say that the color of the upper part of the kilometer stone on the roadside in the state highway is Green.

Concept:

Length of different types of road according to Lucknow Road Plan:

1. Length of NH (in km) = \(\frac{Area(Km^{2})}{50}\)

2. Length of SH (in km) =\(=\frac{Area(Km^{2})}{25}\)

or Length (in km) = 62.5 x Number of towns with population above \(5000-\frac{Area(Km^{2})}{50}\)

3. Length of MDR (in km) \(=\frac{Area(Km^{2})}{12.5}\)

Length (in km) = 90 x Number of towns with a population above 5,000

4. Total road length (in km) =4.74 x Number of villages and town

5. Rural Road Length (in km) ⇒  This can be calculated by finding the total road length and subtracting the other categories.

Calculation:

Given, Area = 13,400 m²

Length of NH (in km) = \(\frac{Area(Km^{2})}{50}\)

\(=\frac{13,400}{50}=268\ km\)

Important Points

Comparison of three road development plans of India in a tabular manner.

Concepts:
According to IRC, the dimension of the vehicle is given as:

Macadam Construction: This was the first method of scientific construction where the top layer was provided with higher strength compared to the bottom. A curved surface for the pavement with a slope of 1 in 36 along with side drains was recommended.

Tresaugate (1764): He has proposed sloped shoulder with linear slope followed by side drain. The maximum thickness of this road was limited to 30 cm. The surface of such road was provided with very fine materials.

Telford Construction: Although he had not recommended any drains alongside the pavement, he was first to advise the provision of slope in the pavement surface. The thickness varies from 17 cm at the end to 22 cm at the center for foundation stress. The wearing course in his design was provided with very fine material for about 4 cm thickness.

C.B.R Method: This method has recommended construction of pavement in numerous layers with each layer having a definite role/function in stress distribution and its resistance. This was the first method to consider the traffic volumes in the design of pavement.

Note:

Roman Method → Tresguet Design → Metcalf Design → Telford Design  → Macadam Design  → C.B.R Method → Modified C.B.R Method