Highway Development and Planning MCQ Quiz in मल्याळम - Objective Question with Answer for Highway Development and Planning - സൗജന്യ PDF ഡൗൺലോഡ് ചെയ്യുക

Arterial Road: It is the least accessible urban road which allows continuous traffic to connect important places of the city.

As per IRC 86 – 1983:

∴ Design speed for arterial street is limited to 80 kmph.

Concept:

1. Indian Roads Congress (IRC) was established in 1934 on the recommendations of the Jayakar committee. It is the governing technical body in India for the design and construction of roads.
2. The first committee was JAYAKAR COMMITTEE.
3. First plan was THE NAGPUR PLAN (1943-63).

Objectives of IRC are:

• To promote scientific construction of roads.
• To promote the use of standard specifications and practices.
• To suggest legislation for the improvement, development and protection of roads.

Important Points

Three road plans developed for the planning and construction of the road network are:

Explanation:

Development of Roads:

Roman Method → Tresguet Design → Metcalf Design → Telford Design  → Macadam Design  → C.B.R Method → Modified C.B.R Method

Roman Roads

During the period of Roman civilization, many roads were built of stone blocks of considerable thickness.

Main features of Roman Roads:

1. They were built straight regardless of gradient.
2. Total thickness of the construction was as high as 0.75 m to 1.2 m.
3. They were built after the soft soil was removed and a hard stratum was reached.
4. The wearing course consisted of dressed large stone blocks set in lime mortar.

Additional Information

Telford Construction: Although he had not recommended any drains alongside the pavement, he was first to advise the provision of slope in the pavement surface. The thickness varies from 17 cm at the end to 22 cm at the center for foundation stress. The wearing course in his design was provided with very fine material for about 4 cm thickness. The finished surface layer of this pavement is given a cross slope of 1 in 45.

Macadam Construction: This was the first method of scientific construction where the top layer was provided with higher strength compared to the bottom. A curved surface for the pavement with a slope of 1 in 36 along with side drains was recommended.

Tresaugate (1764): He has proposed a sloped shoulder with a linear slope followed by side chains. The maximum thickness of this road was limited to 30 cm. The surface of such road was provided with very fine materials.

C.B.R Method: This method has recommended construction of pavement in numerous layers with each layer having a definite role/function in stress distribution and its resistance. This was the first method to consider the traffic volumes in the design of pavement.

Explanation:

The various road patterns may be classified as follows:

(a) Rectangular or block pattern

(b) Radial or star and block pattern

(c) Radial or star and circular pattern

(d) Radial or star and grid pattern

(e) Hexagonal pattern

Important points:

(i) The rectangular or block pattern has been adopted in the city roads of Chandigarh

(ii) Radial and the circular pattern is the road network of Cannaught Place in New Delhi

Explanation:

As per ISC: 6-2017

Factor:

For bridges, Flyovers/grade separators close to areas such as ports, heavy industries and mines and any other areas where frequent congestion of heavy vehicles may occur, as may be decided by the concerned authorities, additional check for congestion of vehicular live load on the carriageway shall be considered.

Explanation:

Development of Roads: Roman Method → Tresguet Design → Metcalf Design → Telford Design  → Macadam Design  → C.B.R Method → Modified C.B.R Method

Macadam Construction: This was the first method of scientific construction where the top layer was provided with higher strength compared to the bottom. A curved surface for the pavement with a slope of 1 in 36 along with side drains was recommended.

Tresaugate (1764): He has proposed sloped shoulder with linear slope followed by side chains. The maximum thickness of this road was limited to 30 cm. The surface of such road was provided with very fine materials.

Telford Construction: Although he had not recommended any drains alongside the pavement, he was first to advise the provision of slope in the pavement surface. The thickness varies from 17 cm at the end to 22 cm at the center for foundation stress. The wearing course in his design was provided with very fine material for about 4 cm thickness.

C.B.R Method: This method has recommended the construction of pavement in numerous layers with each layer having a definite role/function in stress distribution and its resistance. This was the first method to consider the traffic volumes in the design of pavement.

Concept:

Motor Vehicles act:

• It is firstly introduced in the year 1939, in respect of Existing Permits for Motor Vehicles under the Motor Vehicles Act, 1939.
• This Motor Vehicles Act may be called the Uttar Pradesh Motor Vehicles (Special Provisions) Act, 1976 because under the article of 201 the 'Constitution of India' Motor vehicle act was published in the Uttar Pradesh Gazette passed on 5th July 1976.
• Under section 68-D of the Motor vehicle act,  Notified Area" and "Notified Route" of all Vehicles are registered.
• Under Section 3 of the State, Road Transport Corporation Act, 1950, The Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation was established. 

Important Points
1927 → Jayakar committee (Indian road development committee)

1929 → Central Road Fund (CRF)

1943 → Nagpur Road plan

1952 → Central Road Research Institute (CRRI)

Concept:

The sequence of a survey in the highway alignment is as follows:

a) Map study:

• It reveals all the details of all existing road networks and important intermediate places to be connected in that area.
• It will also provide insight into the general topography of the area along with the obligatory points if any present.

b) Reconnaissance Survey:

• This survey involves understanding the feasibility of different alternate routes, so to select the most fitted one. Analysis of each route for its missing details, the required number of curves, tunnels, etc is performed. An approximate levelling profile is plotted for each route for computing the cost and work required for the project.

c) Preliminary Survey:

• It is composed of multiple surveys/studies such as construction material availability surveys, soil profile surveys, earthwork studies, drainage studies, traffic surveys, etc.
• This survey plays a significant role in finalizing the most suited route for the project while satisfying all financial, material and labour requirements.

d) Detailed Survey:

• In this study, the alignment will be transferred from map to field. The centreline and grade line will be marked on the field. All estimation and costing for the project will be performed.

Nagpur road plan or First 20 year road plan (1943 - 63):

In this plan road network in the country was classified in to:

i) National Highways

ii) State highways

iii) Major District roads

iv) Other District roads

v) Village roads

In the Nagpur conference, recommendations were made for the geometric standards of roads, bridge specifications and highway organisations and two plan formulae were finalised. This two plan formulae assumed star and Grid pattern of road network.

Note:

1. The rectangular or the block pattern has been adopted in the city roads of chandigarh.

2. Radial and circular pattern of road network is adopted in Connaught place (New Delhi).

NHAI ⇒ National Highway Authority of India

IRC ⇒ Indian Road Congress

BRO ⇒ Border Road Organization

HRB ⇒ Health Research Board

BCI ⇒ Bar Council of India