Marshall Plan - Timeline, Objectives, Implementation, Impact, Funding Pattern, Importance & More

The Marshall Plan, officially known as the European Recovery Program, was an assistance program by the United States to Europe between 1948-1951. This European Recovery Program(ERP) was launched by United States Secretary of State George Marshall on June 5, 1947. Hence, it is more commonly known as the Marshall Plan. The main objective of the Marshall Plan was to prevent the economic deterioration of Europe, the expansion of communism, and the stagnation of world trade after World War II.

Important events related to the World War era are relevant for the General Studies GS-1 paper for the UPSC Mains exam. Time and again, analytical questions have been asked about these topics. This article on World History of the Marshall Plan will help you prepare for the Prelims and the Mains stage of the UPSC IAS/IPS exam.

This article will discuss in a detailed way about the Marshall Plan, its objectives, and its importance. We will also see whether it was a successful plan, along with Administrative Agents, Funding, and Recipients of the Marshall Plan. To learn about more such topics in an interactive manner and to take your preparation to a more robust level, check out the UPSC CSE Online Coaching.

What was the Marshall Plan?

The Marshall Plan was a relief assistance program of the U.S. to Western European countries, and it was launched in 1948 after World War – II (1939-45). Many geopolitics experts consider it the most effective U.S. foreign aid program ever. This plan provided much-needed capital and materials that enabled Europeans to rebuild the economy of European nations. Apart from being an economic plan, the Marshall Plan also led to greater unity among the European countries after the war.

Administrative Agents

The two Administrative agents for the implementation of the Marshall Plan were –

• Economic Cooperation Administration (ECA)
• Organization for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC)

Marshall Plan: Timeline

• The Marshall Plan timeline started from a proposal in a speech by United States Secretary of State George Marshall at Harvard University on June 5, 1947.
• Later, On 3rd April 1948, US President Harry S. Truman signed the Economic Recovery Act, 1948, and it was launched.
• In December 1951, Marshall Plan was ended after providing sufficient grants to the European nations.

Main Objective of the Marshall Plan

• The main objective of the Marshall Plan was to stimulate European production, promote the adoption of policies leading to stable economies, and take measures to increase trade among European countries and between Europe and the rest of the world.
• To help the European countries in the expansion of agricultural and industrial production.
• Another sub-objective of the Marshall Plan was to prevent the economic deterioration of post-war Europe, stop the expansion of communism, and check the stagnation of world trade.

Economic Cooperation Administration (ECA)

It was an agency of the U.S. government established in 1948 to implement the Marshall Plan. ECA established its office in each of the 16 countries which were a part of the Marshall Plan. It has provided financial assistance in dollars to Europe for purchasing physical commodities such as food, fuel, and machinery and leveraged funds for specific projects.

Organisation for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC)

It was a European agency established on 16th April 1948 to ensure that participants fulfilled their joint obligations to adopt policies encouraging trade and increased production.

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Implementation of the Marshall Plan

The U.S. government didn't directly give money to participating countries; instead, they provided goods and services, mainly shipping, to these governments. The participating governments then sold these goods to businesses and individuals, who had to pay in local currency ("counterparts") into ERP Special Accounts at their central banks. This approach had three advantages: it helped narrow the dollar gap in European reconstruction, allowed funds to be used for long-term investments or paying war debts, and helped limit inflation by temporarily taking funds out of circulation in the Special Accounts.

Impact of Marshall Plan

Reports from that time suggested that Western Europe was already on the path to recovery before the plan was implemented. Even though the United States made a significant investment, the funds provided by the Marshall Plan amounted to less than 3 per cent of the combined national incomes of the recipient countries. As a result, the GDP growth during the four years of the plan was relatively modest. However, by the plan's final year in 1952, the countries that received funds had achieved economic growth beyond pre-war levels, indicating a positive impact, at least in economic terms.

Funding Pattern and Recipients of Marshall Plan

The Marshall Plan provided roughly $13.3 billion of assistance for the European recovery which was shared among 16 countries over the next four years between 1948 to 1952.

The funds of the Marshall Plan were distributed on a per capita basis, with a larger portion going to major economic powerhouses.

The list of the recipients of the Funding from the Marshall Plan is given below:

S.No.	Country	Amount (In USD)
1	Austria	677.8
2	Belgium and Luxembourg	559.3
3	Denmark	273.0
4	France	2,713.6
5	Greece	706.7
6	Iceland	29.3
7	Ireland	147.5
8	Italy	1,508.8
9	Netherlands	1,083.5
10	Norway	255.3
11	Portugal	51.2
12	Sweden	107.3
13	Turkey	225.1
14	United Kingdom	3,189.8
15	West Germany	1,390.6
TOTAL		13,325.8

Fig.: Distribution of Fund Allocations to different Countries under Marshall Plan

Points to Remember:

• The largest recipient of funding under the Marshall Plan was the United Kingdom. It received about one-fourth of the total funding under the plan.

• Under this Plan, a relatively higher proportion of financial aid was directed toward core allied nations, particularly those that would go on to become founding members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), with a smaller proportion going to former Axis and neutral nations.

Was the Marshall Plan Successful?

• The Marshall Plan is one of America's most successful foreign policy initiatives and aid programs. By the time it concluded in 1951, all recipient countries had restored their economies to pre-war levels, solidifying its success.
• The participating countries, including Austria, West Germany, and Italy, experienced a significant 33.5% increase in their Gross National Product (GNP) during the plan's implementation. Moreover, over the following three decades, the standard of living in these countries witnessed a remarkable surge of nearly 150%.
• In recognition of his efforts to revive economic growth in post-World War II Europe, George Marshall was honoured with the Nobel Peace Prize in 1953. This further underscores the undeniable success of the Marshall Plan.
• Along with economic growth, this Plan also led to greater unity. As a result, it resulted in the formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), a military alliance against any future aggressors.
• The Plan also opened the gates of trading avenues between Europe and the United States.
• The Marshall Plan also diminished the popularity of communist Ideologies in Western Europe, which helped the US to tackle the cold war easily.

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Importance Of the Marshall Plan

Let us understand the importance and Marshall Plan’s significance through the following points discussed below:

• Economic growth in Europe – Under the Marshall Plan, the US provided total grants of $13 billion to the 16 European countries. With the help of these grants, devastated countries have achieved economic stability and surpassed their growth to the pre-war levels.
• Trade growth between the US and Europe – The reliance of European nations on American help paved the way for strong trade relations between Europe and the United States. As a result, In 2021, the United States remains the largest partner for European Union(EU) export of goods.
• Formation of NATO – NATO is a type of inter-governmental military alliance between 30 European and North American countries. The cooperation among all aid-receiving European nations led to greater unity among them, resulting in the formation of NATO.
• Check the spread of Communism – Due to the influence of the Soviet Union, the spread of communism was becoming a threat to the Eastern European nations. Still, after the Marshall Plan, the spread of communism was restricted to a few countries only, like Poland and Czechoslovakia.
• Build the Image of the United States as a Superpower – The United States proposed the Marshall Plan because it was the only country in World War II not damaged by the fighting. The Marshall Plan is widely regarded as one of American history's most successful foreign policy initiatives and foreign aid programmes.

Check out this article to learn about the difference between Communism and Marxism.

Know More about World War – II (1939-45) World War – II is considered the biggest conflict in history that caused huge destruction. Two main groups were fighting against each other. These were – Axis powers – Germany, Italy, and Japan Allied power – France, Great Britain, the United States, the Soviet Union, and China Some of the primary reasons which led to the situation of Second World War include the impact of the Treaty of Versailles, the economic depression, the failure of appeasement, the rise of nazism in Germany and Fascism in Italy, the failure of the League of Nations, etc. The war started on 1 September 1939 after the attack on Poland by Germany. The end of the second world war is marked by the dropping of Nuclear Bombs ‘Little Boy’ and ‘Fat Boy’ by the USA on Japan’s Hiroshima and Nagasaki on 6th and 9th August 1945. Check out this article to learn more about the Allied and Axis Powers.

Conclusion

• The end of World War II marked the Allied powers’ victory, but it also resulted in the bipolar world order and massive devastation in Europe. In 1947, American Secretary of State George Marshall unveiled the European Recovery Program (ERP), which provided economic and financial assistance wherever required.
• The Soviet Union denounced the Marshall Plan as “dollar imperialism,” Cominform (the Communist Information Bureau) was established in 1947 as the Soviet response to the Marshall Plan.

UPSC Previous Year Questions (PYQs) of Mains related to Marshall Plan

Q1 To what extent can Germany be held responsible for causing the two World Wars? Discuss critically. [UPSC Mains 2015]

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