This famine in Nineteenth Century India was described as a ‘Sea of Calamity’.

The correct answer is - Orissa 1866-67

Key Points

• Orissa Famine of 1866-67
  • This famine is often referred to as the 'Sea of Calamity' due to its devastating impact on the region and its population.
  • The famine primarily affected the region of Orissa, which was part of the Bengal Presidency under British rule at the time.
  • It was caused by a severe drought that led to widespread crop failure and acute food shortages.
  • Over 1 million people are estimated to have died during this famine, making it one of the deadliest famines of the 19th century in India.
  • The lack of adequate relief measures by the British administration exacerbated the situation, drawing severe criticism from various quarters.

Additional Information

• Other Famines of the 19th Century
  • Rajputana Famine (1868-69)
    • Occurred in the regions of Rajputana (modern-day Rajasthan) and surrounding areas.
    • Was caused by a severe drought and affected millions of people.
  • Madras Famine (1866-67)
    • Primarily affected the Madras Presidency (modern-day Tamil Nadu and surrounding areas).
    • Severe drought caused crop failures and widespread starvation.
  • Bengal Famine (1860-61)
    • Occurred in parts of Bengal Province.
    • Was caused by a combination of drought and administrative inefficiencies.
• Impact of Famines on Colonial India
  • Famines in British India were often exacerbated by the policies of the colonial administration, such as:
    • Export of food grains to Britain even during times of acute shortages.
    • Lack of investment in irrigation and agriculture.
  • These famines highlighted the need for improved agricultural infrastructure and disaster management systems.
  • They were one of the factors that fueled resistance to British colonial rule in India.