In which of the following research paradigms the focus of concern is on interpreting reality in terms of participants perspective?

A paradigm is a model of the functions and interrelationships of a process, a ‘way of thinking about something, and how to study it. There is a difference between natural sciences and social sciences and so is the difference between research approaches relating to them. Hence, there are two competing paradigms to acquire knowledge. The paradigms are grouped as positivist paradigm and interpretive paradigms.

Ethnographic Research:

1. It is one of the important methods and approaches used in qualitative research.
2. It is the process of studying and describing a culture (culture is the shared attitudes, values, norms, practices, language, and material things of a group of people).
3. Ethnographic research is an in-depth form of research where people are observed in their natural environment without any changes.
4. It intends to provide an insider’s picture of a community under study.
5. A researcher may go and live in that specific community and study the culture and their educational practices. 

Hence, In Ethnographic Research, the focus of concern is on interpreting reality in terms of the participants' perspective.

1) Experimental method

• It is designed for establishing causal relationships between two or more variables.
• In this method, an independent variable is manipulated.
• All other variables except the independent variable are held constant.
• The effect of the manipulation of the independent variable on the dependent variable is observed.

2) Ex post-Facto Method           

• An ex-post-facto the researcher attempts to trace an effect that has already occurred to its probable causes. 
• The researcher has no direct control over the independent variable because it has occurred much prior to producing its effects.

3) Survey Research:

• It is the most common methodology used to gather information especially if the group to be studied is large in size.
• The objective is to collect data, interpret it, analyze it, and then report it.
• A questionnaire is one of the ways to conduct survey research.