Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other as Reason (R).

Assertion (A): Turkish invasion on India was successful.

Reason (R): There was no political unity in North India.

Select the correct answer from the codes given below:

The correct answer is option 3

Key Points

• Assertion (A): Turkish invasion on India was successful-True.
  • The Turkish invasions (specifically the invasions led by Mahmud of Ghazni and later by Muhammad Ghori) were successful in establishing control in northern India.
  • Mahmud of Ghazni conducted several raids in the 11th century, which resulted in plunder and some territorial control. Muhammad Ghori's invasion in the late 12th century laid the foundation for the establishment of Delhi Sultanate.
• Reason (R): There was no political unity in North India- True.
  • North India was politically fragmented during the period of the Turkish invasions. Various small kingdoms, such as the Rajputs, Pratiharas, and others, were often engaged in internal conflicts.
  • The lack of centralized political power made it easier for the Turkish invaders to conquer and establish their rule, especially after the defeat of Prithviraj Chauhan by Muhammad Ghori at the First Battle of Tarain (1191) and the subsequent Second Battle of Tarain (1192).

• Both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason (lack of political unity) correctly explains the success of the Turkish invasions in India.