As per provisions of Paris Agreement, the Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) are to be reviewed every

Climate change is a reality and the rise in temperature is a wakeup call for everyone to leave behind the prejudices about the scientific realities of climate change. Various initiatives have been launched and international agreements have been signed for the said purpose.

Paris Agreement:

• The successful multilateral diplomacy has brought a historic Paris Agreement to address climate change. The Paris Agreement is a ‘treaty’ under the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1980. It legally binds all States that have expressed their consent to be bound by this agreement. 
• 175 countries including India ratified Paris Agreement. All parties required to submit relevant documents with regard to Green House Gas mitigation and adaptation measures to counter adverse effects of climate change as per the Paris Agreement at regular intervals.
• 189 states/countries covering over 95% of global emissions have submitted nationally determined contributions in the context of the Paris Agreement.
• The Paris Agreement has aspired to address the adverse effects of climate change by stabilizing temperature rise (‘well below 2°C’ and to aspire to 1.5°C). As we mentioned earlier, each state/country must report to their efforts to combat GHG emissions or mitigation measures in every five years to nationally determined contributions.
• The agreement provides autonomy to the states/countries to decide on their own to address climate change. But, their successive efforts must be progressive one compared to previous ones. There are three important components in the Paris agreement.

1. Firstly, states/countries must take transparent measures to address or mitigate climate change and their agreed contribution.
2. Secondly, there will be a global stocktaking process that will be assessed periodically to recognize collective progress towards the agreement’s long term goals.
3. Thirdly, there will be a compliance system that facilitates member states/countries.