International environmental law MCQ Quiz in मराठी - Objective Question with Answer for International environmental law - मोफत PDF डाउनलोड करा

Key Points

To solve this question, we need to arrange the climate change initiatives in chronological order. Let's examine each option in detail:
C. Vienna Convention on climate change: This is not accurately named regarding climate change. The Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer was adopted in 1985. It's a framework convention, setting general obligations to protect the ozone layer but not specifically addressing climate change. Therefore, its reference here might be slightly misleading, but in terms of chronological order related to environmental agreements, it comes first.
B. Montreal Protocol on climate change: Similar to the Vienna Convention, this title is slightly misleading. The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer was agreed upon in 1987, following the Vienna Convention. It's not directly a climate change initiative but is significant for climate change because it deals with substances that both deplete the ozone layer and act as greenhouse gases.
E. Kyoto Protocol on climate change: The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty that extends the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and commits state parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, based on the scientific consensus that (part one) global warming is occurring and (part two) it is extremely likely that human-made CO2 emissions have predominantly caused it. It was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, in December 1997.
D. Copenhagen Summit on climate change: Officially the 15th Conference of the Parties (COP 15) to the UNFCCC, took place in Copenhagen, Denmark, in December 2009. It was an important meeting but failed to produce a legally binding agreement for the long-term cooperative action on climate change.
A. Durban conference on climate change: The Durban conference (COP 17) took place in Durban, South Africa, in 2011. It led to the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action, a decision to work towards a legal instrument that would apply to all parties.
Given this information, the correct chronological order of these initiatives and conferences is:
1. C. Vienna Convention (1985, with a note on the slight misnomer)
2. B. Montreal Protocol (1987)
3. E. Kyoto Protocol (1997)
4. D. Copenhagen Summit (2009)
5. A. Durban conference (2011)
- Hence, the correct answer is option 4 (C, B, E, D, A).
This solution systematically addresses the chronological order of significant environmental and climate change initiatives, highlighting the correct sequence and providing context for each event.

The correct answer is 'Option 1: (A)-(II), (B)-(III), (C)-(IV), (D)-(I)'

Key Points

• UN Conference on Environment and Development (1992):
  • Also known as the Earth Summit, this conference took place in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1992.
  • It aimed to address urgent environmental and developmental challenges globally and resulted in significant agreements like Agenda 21, the Rio Declaration, and conventions on biodiversity and climate change.
  • This is correctly matched with the year 1992 in the answer.
• Kyoto Conference on Global Warming (1997):
  • The Kyoto Protocol was adopted at this conference in Kyoto, Japan, in 1997.
  • It set legally binding obligations for developed countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
  • This is correctly matched with the year 1997 in the answer.
• Paris Agreement (2015):
  • The Paris Agreement was adopted at the COP21 in Paris in 2015 and is a landmark global accord to combat climate change.
  • It aims to limit global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius, ideally to 1.5 degrees Celsius, above pre-industrial levels.
  • This is correctly matched with the year 2015 in the answer.
• Montreal Protocol (1987):
  • The Montreal Protocol was agreed upon in 1987 to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of substances responsible for ozone depletion.
  • It is considered one of the most successful international environmental agreements.
  • This is correctly matched with the year 1987 in the answer.

Additional Information

• Other Options:
  • Option 2 incorrectly matches the Kyoto Conference (1997) with the year 2015 and the Paris Agreement (2015) with 1997.
  • Option 3 incorrectly matches the Montreal Protocol (1987) with 1997 and swaps the years for the Kyoto Conference and Paris Agreement.
  • Option 4 incorrectly matches the UN Conference on Environment and Development (1992) with 1987 and swaps other years incorrectly.
  • These mismatches highlight that only Option 1 provides the correct chronological pairing of events with their respective years.
• Importance of these agreements:
  • Each of these conferences and protocols has played a pivotal role in shaping global environmental policies.
  • They address issues ranging from ozone layer protection to climate change mitigation and sustainable development.
  • Understanding their chronology helps in comprehending the evolution of international environmental efforts.

The correct answer is 'New York at the United Nations Headquarters'

Key Points

• Paris Agreement, 2015:
  • The Paris Agreement is an international treaty aimed at combating climate change and its negative impacts.
  • It was adopted by 196 parties at the 21st Conference of the Parties (COP21) in Paris, on December 12, 2015.
  • The agreement entered into force on November 4, 2016.
  • The primary goal is to limit global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius, preferably to 1.5 degrees Celsius, compared to pre-industrial levels.

Additional Information

• Incorrect Options Overview:
  • Paris: Although the agreement was adopted in Paris, it was not open for signature there.
  • Geneva: Geneva is a key location for international diplomacy, but it was not the site for the Paris Agreement's signing.
  • London: London is another major international city but had no direct involvement in the Paris Agreement signing process.

The correct answer is '90 days after being adopted by three-fourths of the parties'

Key Points

• Amendments to the UNFCCC Convention:
  • Amendments to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) are modifications or additions to the original treaty aimed at addressing evolving climate issues and enhancing the framework's effectiveness.
  • These amendments are crucial for ensuring that the Convention remains relevant and effective in addressing global climate change challenges.
  • The process for amendments includes proposal, adoption by the Conference of the Parties (COP), and ratification by member states.

Additional Information

• Other Options Explained:
  • Immediately upon adoption: This option is incorrect because amendments require a ratification process, which takes time.
  • Six months after being adopted: This option is incorrect as the specified time frame does not align with the UNFCCC's stipulated process.
  • One year after being adopted: This option is incorrect as it also does not match the UNFCCC's requirements for amendments to enter into force.

The correct answer is 'Twelve months'

Key Points

• UNFCCC Dispute Resolution:
  • The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) provides a framework for international cooperation to combat climate change and its impacts.
  • Under the UNFCCC, disputes between parties concerning the interpretation or application of the Convention can be submitted to conciliation if they remain unresolved after a certain period.
  • According to the UNFCCC, disputes can be submitted to conciliation if they remain unresolved for twelve months.

Additional Information

• Other Options:
  • Six months: This option is incorrect as the period specified by the UNFCCC is twelve months, not six.
  • Three months: This option is also incorrect as it is too short a period for the dispute resolution process under the UNFCCC.
  • Twenty-four months: This option is incorrect as it is too long a period; the UNFCCC specifies twelve months.

The correct answer is 'Economic and Social Development'

Key Points

• Economic and Social Development:
  • Principle 8 of the Stockholm Declaration emphasizes that economic and social development is essential for ensuring a favorable living and working environment for all people.
  • This principle highlights the interconnectedness of environmental sustainability and human development, suggesting that improving living standards and economic opportunities can lead to better environmental outcomes.
  • Economic and social development includes efforts to reduce poverty, improve education, enhance healthcare, and create sustainable job opportunities, all of which contribute to a healthier environment.

Additional Information

• International Relations:
  • While international relations can play a role in environmental protection through global cooperation and agreements, they are not the primary focus of Principle 8 in the context of ensuring a favorable living and working environment.
• Strict Regulations:
  • Strict regulations are important for environmental protection, but Principle 8 specifically highlights the broader concept of economic and social development as essential for a favorable environment.
• Population Control:
  • Population control can impact environmental sustainability, but it is not the central theme of Principle 8. The principle focuses on holistic development rather than solely on population measures.

The correct answer is 'Principle 23 of the Rio Declaration'

Key Points

• Principle 23:
  • Principle 23 of the Rio Declaration emphasizes the protection of the environment and natural resources of people under oppression, domination, and occupation.
  • This principle acknowledges the vulnerability of oppressed communities and the need for international support to safeguard their environmental rights.
  • The principle is grounded in the broader context of human rights and environmental justice.

Additional Information

• Principle 22:
  • This principle focuses on the development and implementation of indigenous peoples' and local communities' knowledge and practices in environmental management.
  • It highlights the role of traditional knowledge in achieving sustainable development.
• Principle 24:
  • This principle addresses the need for international cooperation to prevent environmental degradation during armed conflicts.
  • It emphasizes the protection of the environment even during times of war.
• Principle 25:
  • This principle states that peace, development, and environmental protection are interdependent and indivisible.
  • It underscores the interconnectedness of these global goals.

The correct answer is 'States must ensure that exploitation does not damage the environment of other States.'

Key Points

• Rio Declaration 1992:
  • The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development was adopted at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992.
  • It consists of 27 principles intended to guide sustainable development around the world.
  • Principle 2 of the Rio Declaration states that nations have the sovereign right to exploit their own resources pursuant to their own environmental and developmental policies, but also the responsibility to ensure that activities within their jurisdiction or control do not cause damage to the environment of other States or areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction.

Additional Information

• Other Options:
  • Option 1: States have no responsibility.
    • This is incorrect as the Rio Declaration clearly outlines responsibilities for states regarding environmental protection.
  • Option 3: States must share their resources with other countries.
    • This is incorrect because the Rio Declaration does not mandate sharing of resources but emphasizes sustainable exploitation.
  • Option 4: State must prioritize economic development over Environmental Concerns.
    • This is incorrect as the Rio Declaration promotes sustainable development, balancing environmental protection with economic growth.

The correct answer is 3) To reduce greenhouse gas emissions in developed countries.Key Points

•  The Kyoto Protocol, adopted in Kyoto, Japan in 1997 during CoP3 of the UNFCCC and came into force by February 2005, involves 192 parties, excluding Andorra, Canada, South Sudan, and the United States. India ratified the protocol in 2002.
• It aims to reduce GHG emissions in the developed world by approximately 5% by 2012 compared to 1990 levels during the first commitment period from 2008 to 2012. 
• The protocol targets six GHGs listed in Annex A: Carbon dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4), Nitrous oxide (N2O), Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), Perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6), based on the ‘Principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibilities’.

The correct answer is Basel Convention.

Hazardous and other wastes Rules 2016 are introduced to cover Basel  convention

Key Points

• Basel Convention:
  • The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal is an international treaty designed to reduce the movements of hazardous waste between nations, especially from developed to less developed countries.
  • India introduced the Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management and Transboundary Movement) Rules in 2016 to align with its obligations under the Basel Convention.
  • These rules aim to ensure the safe and environmentally sound management of hazardous and other wastes, and to regulate their import and export.

Additional Information

• Rio Convention:
  • The Rio Convention, also known as the Earth Summit, held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, led to the creation of several key agreements including the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Framework Convention on Climate Change.
  • While important for environmental governance, it does not specifically address hazardous waste management in the context of the Basel Convention.
• Paris Convention:
  • The Paris Convention refers to the Paris Agreement under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), aimed at combating climate change and its impacts.
  • This agreement focuses on reducing greenhouse gas emissions and does not directly relate to hazardous waste management.
• Kyoto Convention:
  • The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty that extends the UNFCCC, committing its parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
  • Similar to the Paris Agreement, it is focused on climate change and not on hazardous waste management.