Waste MCQ Quiz in मल्याळम - Objective Question with Answer for Waste - സൗജന്യ PDF ഡൗൺലോഡ് ചെയ്യുക

All human activities produce waste. We all know that such waste may be dangerous and needs safe disposal. 

Bio-medical waste means “any solid and/or liquid waste including its container and any intermediate product, which is generated during the diagnosis, treatment or immunization of human beings or animals or research activities pertaining thereto or in the production or testing of biological or in health camps.

The bio-Medical waste consists of-

• Human anatomical waste like tissues, organs and body parts
• Animal wastes generated during research from veterinary hospitals
• Microbiology and biotechnology wastes
• Waste sharps like hypodermic needles, syringes, scalpels and broken glass
• Discarded medicines and cytotoxic drugs
• Soiled waste such as dressing, bandages, plaster casts, material contaminated with blood, tubes and catheters
• Liquid waste from any of the infected areas
• Incineration ash and other chemical wastes

The biomedical waste (BMW) management requires its categorization as a first step. The BMW Rules classify the BMW into the following categories.

Therefore option 3 is the correct answer.

Wastewater treatment

• Wastewater treatment is a process used to remove contaminants from wastewater or sewage and convert it into effluent that can be returned to the water cycle with acceptable impact on the environment, or reused for various purposes.
• Processes like screening, sedimentation, and skimming are used to remove the solids. No chemicals are involved in this process.
• One of the main techniques of physical wastewater treatment includes sedimentation, which is a process of suspending the insoluble/heavy particles from the wastewater.
• Water treatment is any process that improves the quality of water to make it appropriate for a specific end-use. The end use may be drinking, industrial water supply, irrigation, river flow maintenance, water recreation, or many other uses, including being safely returned to the environment.
• The primary treatment works on sedimentation, where solids separate from the water through several different tanks. In contrast, the secondary treatment uses aeration, biofiltration, and the interaction of waste throughout its process.

Key Points

• Primary or Physical Treatment: It is the process of removal of small and large, floating and suspended solids from sewage through two processes of filtration and sedimentation. The first floating and suspended matter are removed through sequential filtration with progressively smaller pore filters.
• These include: (1) Collection; (2) Screening and Straining; (3) Chemical Addition; (4) Coagulation and Flocculation; (5) Sedimentation and Clarification; (6) Filtration; (7) Disinfection; (8) Storage; (9) and finally Distribution.

Let's examine these steps in more detail                                                    

Therefore Option 2 is the correct answer.

wastewater treatment is the removal of contaminants from wastewater, or sewage before it reaches aquifers or natural bodies of water such as rivers, lakes, estuaries, and seas. 

Key Points

• The components of a sewage treatment plant vary depending on the kind of sewage.
• Sewage treatment plant components eliminate hazardous elements from wastewater and household sewage before they are released into the environment.
• STP (Sewage Treatment Plant) components are perfect for removing toxins from wastewater generated by various commercial, industries.
• Major components of a sewage treatment facility are Bar screens, Grit chambers, comminutors, pre-aeration tanks, main settling tanks, aeration tanks, secondary settling tanks, biological filters, and sludge handlers. 

Therefore, the Grit chamber is a component of a Sewage Treatment Plant (STP).

Additional Information

• Around 80% of India's water is severely polluted because people dump raw sewage, silt, and garbage into the country's rivers and lakes.
•  It's estimated that around 70% of surface water in India is unfit for consumption.

Industrial waste is a by-product waste produced by industry which includes any material that is rendered useless during a manufacturing process from plants, mills, and mines.

Some examples of industrial waste are silica fume, slag, sludge, fly ash, sandpaper, metals, glass.

Fly ash:

• It is an industrial waste generated from thermal power plants.
• It is commonly used in the construction industry.
• The fly ash has a wider application in the production of the cement.
• Nowadays all the industries are adding the fly ash 25% in the production of the cement.

Copper slag

Copper slag has high toughness so it can be used to partially replacing the fine aggregate to obtain the durability and the strength. The standard mix ratio has been used for the mortars.

Sludge:

• It refers to the residual material left from industrial wastewater or sewage treatment processes.
• The paper industry that uses recycled paper as raw materials has as by-product paper sludge, which has a high content of calcium carbonate, organic materials, and other minerals.
• Because of its pozzolanic activity, paper sludge can be used as cementitious materials in building industry.

Key Points 

• Leachates are indeed contaminated liquids that drain from landfills. As rainwater or other liquids percolate through the waste in landfills, they dissolve various harmful substances, including heavy metals, organic compounds, and nutrients. This contaminated liquid collects at the bottom of the landfill and is referred to as leachate.
• Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) are a specific group of organic chemicals that are resistant to degradation, bioaccumulate in living organisms, and have harmful effects on health and the environment. While leachate can contain some POPs, it's not synonymous with all POPs.
• Algae found on eutrophic lakes are a consequence of excessive nutrient pollution in the water. While leachate might contribute to nutrient pollution in nearby bodies of water, it's not the same as the algae itself.
• Ozone depleting substances (ODS) are chemicals that contribute to the depletion of the ozone layer in the stratosphere. Leachate is not known to contain these types of chemicals.

Therefore, based on the definition and description, the most accurate answer for leachates is contaminated liquid draining from landfills.

Concept:

Biodegradable wastes:

• The wastes that can be degraded or decomposed in nature by the action of different microbes and other living things using processes like composting, aerobic digestion, anaerobic digestion, etc are called Biodegradable wastes.
• Examples include wood, fruits, vegetables, dead animal and plants, etc.
• These wastes majorly include organic matter which can be broken down into simpler organic molecules like carbon dioxide, methane, water.
• However, some Inorganic matters are also included which can be degraded by microbial action like gypsum.

​Non-biodegradable wastes:

• The wastes that cannot be degraded or decomposed in nature by the action of different microbes and other living things using processes like composting, aerobic digestion, anaerobic digestion, etc are called Non-Biodegradable wastes.
• These wastes act as a source of environmental pollution.
• Examples include plastic, glass, metallic wastes, etc.​

​​​​​​​Explanation:

• Paper, Cow-dung and vegetable peels all come under the category of organic matter which can be easily degraded by microbial action.
• These things act as natural manure after decomposition and can be used to increase soil fertility.
• Whereas, 

Slag:

• Slag is a product of Flux and impurity.
• Slag is a waste matter separated from metal during smelting and other metallurgical and combustion processes from impurities in the metals.
• It is not a bio-waste.

The correct answer is 1, 2, 3, and 4.

Key Points

• Electronics are full of valuable materials, including copper, tin, iron, aluminum, fossil fuels, titanium, gold, and silver.
• Many of the materials used in making these electronic devices can be recovered, reused, and recycled—including plastics, metals, and glass.
• Recycling e-waste enables us to recover various valuable metals and other materials from electronics, saving natural resources (energy), reducing pollution, conserving landfill space, and creating jobs.
• Recycling one million cell phones can also recover 75 pounds of gold, 772 pounds of silver, 35,274 pounds of copper, and 33 pounds of palladium.

Hence option 4 is correct.​

The correct answer is bar screen.

• The wastewater entering the sewage plant first passes through the bar screen.
• The bar screen removes big rubbish like plastic bottles, sanitary napkins, cans, plastic bags, Sticks, etc.

Important Points

• Wastewater management
  • Wastewater treatment is a process used to remove contaminants and make the water usable.
    • Wastewater Collection
    • Screening
    • Primary Treatment
    • Secondary Treatment
    • Final Treatment
    • Screening
• Screening is one of the first stages in the process of treating wastewater.
  • In this process, the larger objects are removed from wastewater and then moved into the grit and sand removal tank.
• Primary treatment
  • Wastewater after the screening is taken for primary treatment where all the organic waste is removed.
  • Primary treatment is done by pouring the wastewater into big tanks for the solid matter to settle at the surface of the tanks.
• Secondary treatment
  • Water after primary treatment is passed through a tank called ‘aeration lane’’ where the air is tapped into the water to increase the growth of aerobic bacteria.
  • Bacteria break down small particles of sludge that escaped after primary treatment.
• Final treatment
  • The activated sludge is passed through a bed of sand drying machine where the sludge is dried up and water is filtered out.
  • The water is directed to flow over a wall wherein it gets filtered through the sand bed to eliminate additional particles if any.
  • This water that is filtered is then released into the river.

• Waste is unusable material. Waste comes in many forms.
• Waste can be categorized as:
  • solid waste (vegetable peels, trash cans and other such municipal waste),
  • liquid waste (water discharge from industries, harmful runoff from fields etc),
  • and gaseous waste (harmful gases released from industries).
• Waste management is a burning problem in urban, industrial and rural areas.
• Wastes management involves the following steps:
  • Collection of wastes
  • Segregation of wastes
  • Transportation of waste
  • Processing of wastes
  • Disposal of waste

Key Points

Processing of waste:

• Waste processing and treatment includes a lot of different processes.
• Processing, by definition, falls under the heading of physical treatment.
• It uses physical techniques for changing the composition and character of the waste.
• It includes recycling and sorting.
• Every recycling process represents a conversion of the material.
• So the process of recycling is also a process of production of new materials.
• It describes the process of producing secondary raw material.
• All these activities conduce to reduce the amount of waste which has to landfill.
• Of significance in this recycling process is that waste processing starts with separation.
• Separation of waste at the beginning of the process supports the treatment of the waste and helps to raise the efficiency of the facilities which deals with the waste. 

​Thus, the processing process improves the efficiency of solid waste management.

Key Points

Bio-Degradable:

• Substances that are broken down by biological processes (bacteria) are said to be biodegradable. 
• For example all living plants and animals, vegetables and fruits.

Non-Bio- Degradable:

• Substances that are not broken down by biological processes(bacteria) are said to be non-biodegradable.
• These substances may be inert and simply persist in the environment for a long time.
• They may harm the various members of the ecosystem.
• For example plastics, metals concrete, nylon etc. 

Important Points 

Thus, 

• Group 1: spoiled food, garden trimmings, paper, wood - Biodegradeable waste
• Group 2: plastic bags, toys, bottles, glass - Non-Bio Degradable waste

Additional Information