Diseases, Disorders, and Infections MCQ Quiz in मल्याळम - Objective Question with Answer for Diseases, Disorders, and Infections - സൗജന്യ PDF ഡൗൺലോഡ് ചെയ്യുക

Concept:

Periodontitis:

• Inflammation of the gums
• Inflammatory disease of the supporting tissue of the teeth.
• Caused by specific microorganism
• Resulting in progressive destruction of the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone with pocket formation, recession or both.

Symptoms:

• 15% of pregnant women
• Few obvious symptoms early.
• Patients with advanced disease will have loose teeth and eventual tooth loss.

Etiology:

• Chronic exposure of the periodontal tissues to bacterial plaque cause chronic inflammation and infection.

Treatment:

• Good oral hygiene and regular dental visits.
• Cessation of tobacco and other irritants such as cannabis.
• Dental referral for deep root scaling.
• Oral antibiotics and topical solutions such as chlorhexidine.

Concept:-

• Meningococcal meningitis vaccine: refers to any vaccine used to prevent infection by Neisseria meningitidis.
• The duration of immunity mediated by the Meningococcal meningitis vaccine is three years or less in children aged under five because it does not generate memory T cells.

Meningococcal disease:

• It is a cute infectious disease of humans, caused by meningococcus Neisseria Meningitis.
• the mechanism of the transmission of the infection is air-drop.
• The disease is characterized by damage to the mucous membrane of the nasopharynx, generalization of the process in the form of specific septicemia, and inflammation of the soft cerebral membranes.

Signs and symptoms:

• Severe headache
• Irritability
• Stiffness of neck
• Nausea and vomiting
• High-grade fever
• Seizers 

Concept:-

• Uremia: it is a decrease in renal function causing an increase in urea, and creatinine in blood, associated with any clinical manifestation such as edema, nausea, vomiting due to gastroenteritis, or uremic pericarditis.

Causes of uremia:

• Diabetes
• Polycystic kidney disease
• Inflammation of the filtering units in the kidneys is called glomeruli.
• High blood pressure
• Enlarged prostate.

Signs and symptoms:

• Fatigue.
• Shortness of breath from fluid accumulation.
• Loss of appetite.
• Muscle cramps.
• Nausea and vomiting.

Additional Information

• Renal calculi: it is a hard solid mass of material that forms in the kidney from the substances in the urine.
• Glomerulonephritis: it is an inflammation of the glomerular capillaries membranes.
• Ketonuria: the presence of ketones in the urine. 

Concept:-

Pneumonia:

• it is an infection of the lower respiratory tract that involves the airways and parenchyma with the consolidation of the alveolar spaces.
• The term lower respiratory tract infection is often used to encompass bronchitis, bronchiolitis or pneumonia, or any combination of the three, which may be difficult to distinguish clinically.
• it is a general term for lung inflammation that may or may not be associated with consolidation.
• A more severe case of pneumonia can cause even more damage to the lungs, which can be significant and permanent in some cases.

Signs and symptoms:

• high fever
• shortness of breath
• chest pain
• fatigue
• nausea and vomiting
• dusky or purplish

Additional Information                                 

• Atelectasis: it is a condition in which one or more areas of the lungs collapse or don’t inflate properly.
• Bronchiectasis: it is a condition anatomically defined by chronic, irreversible dilation and distortion of the bronchi caused by inflammatory destruction of the muscular and elastic components of the bronchial walls.
• Trachea Bronchitis: it is inflammation of the windpipe (trachea) and the airways that branch off the trachea (bronchi) caused by infection.

The correct answer is Tuberculosis.

Key Points

• Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious infection caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
• It most commonly affects the lungs (pulmonary tuberculosis) but can also affect other parts of the body (extrapulmonary tuberculosis).
• One of the hallmark symptoms of TB is a chronic cough that lasts for more than three weeks and may produce discolored or bloody sputum.
• Other symptoms can include weakness or fatigue, weight loss, nocturnal sweating, and fever.
• Some people, however, may have latent tuberculosis, where they carry the bacteria but don't display any symptoms.
• While not contagious, latent tuberculosis can become active tuberculosis if not treated.
• Tuberculosis is typically spread from person to person through the air, similar to the common cold or flu.
• When an infected person coughs or sneezes, droplets containing the bacteria can be inhaled by those nearby.
• If a doctor suspects tuberculosis, they will perform specific tests like a TB skin test or a TB blood test and may confirm the diagnosis with imaging (usually a chest X-ray) or by culturing the bacteria from sputum samples.
• Importantly, tuberculosis won't respond to the kinds of antibiotics that are commonly used to treat other bacterial infections.
• Instead, specific anti-tuberculosis antibiotics are needed. It's crucial to take these medicines exactly as prescribed, often for six months or longer, to fully eliminate the bacteria and avoid developing drug-resistant forms of tuberculosis.
• If a person experiences a persistent cough along with other potential signs of tuberculosis, they should seek medical attention promptly.
• It's worth emphasizing that while TB is a serious disease, with the right treatment, it's typically curable.
• Without treatment, TB can be a serious, life-threatening condition. However, with timely diagnosis and proper medication, most people can make a full recovery.

Concept:

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE):

• It is the most common type of lupus.
• SLE is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks its own tissues, causing widespread inflammation and tissue damage in the affected organs.
• It can affect the joints, skin, brain, lungs, kidneys, and blood vessels.

Explanation:

Autoimmune diseases:

• Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which tissue injury is caused by humoral or cell mediated immune response to self-antigens.
• Normally, the immune system does not attach the self. However, there is a large group of autoimmune diseases in which the immune system does attack self-cells.
• The attach can be directed either against a very specific tissue or to a large no. of tissues.
• Once started, autoimmune diseases are hard to stop.

Common Autoimmune Disease Symptoms:

• Fatigue.
• Joint pain and swelling.
• Skin problems.
• Abdominal pain or digestive issues.
• Recurring fever.
• Swollen glands.

Concept:

H.I.V (Human immunodeficiency virus): It is a unique type of virus (i.e. a retrovirus) that invades the T-helper cells in the body of the host (defense mechanism of a person).

Window period of HIV:

• This is the period of time after becoming infected when an HIV test is negative.
• 90 percent of cases test positive within three months of exposure.
• 10 percent of cases test positive within three to six months of exposure.

Symptoms of HIV infection:

• unintentional weight loss
• chronic diarrhea
• skin rashes
• ulcers in mouth and genitals
• unusual tiredness
• swollen lymph glands in the neck and groin.

Routes of transmission of HIV:

Explanation

4^th

• Iron is a mineral that's necessary for life.
• It plays a key role in the making of red blood cells, which carry oxygen.
• Its deficiency can cause anaemia, a low level of red blood cells.
• An appropriate time to begin iron supplementation at a dose of 30 mg/day is after about week 12 of gestation when the iron requirements for pregnancy begin to increase.
• Iron deficiency during pregnancy increases the risk of premature birth
• Its deficiency during pregnancy is also associated with having a low birth weight baby and postpartum depression.
• It can also increase the risk of infant death immediately before or after birth.
• Types of anaemia that occur during pregnancy

1. Iron-deficiency anaemia – It occurs when the body doesn't have enough iron to produce adequate amounts of haemoglobin.
2. Folate-deficiency anaemia – It occurs due to the deficiency of folate vitamin.

Low iron levels can cause

1. tiredness
2. lack of energy
3. shortness of breath
4. more frequent bouts of illness
5. difficulty regulating body temperature or often feeling cold
6. pale skin
7. heart palpitations
8. a sore tongue or difficulty swallowing
9. hair loss

Explanation

Terminal disinfection

• It is also known as final disinfection.
• It is the application of measures of disinfection after the patient has ceased to be a source of infection, or after the facility's isolation practices have been discontinued.
• It is the disinfection of a room or building after it has been vacated by a patient who had a contagious disease.
• This disinfection is advised to be performed with disinfectant cleaners for surfaces that are bactericidal, virucidal, and pesticidal against bacteria, viruses, and pests.
•  It is disinfected with a 1000ppm chlorine releasing agent or a chlorine dioxide solution.
• Non-flammable alcohol vapour in carbon dioxide systems is being used as the final step of disinfection.

Additional InformationDisinfection

• It is the process that eliminates many or all pathogenic microorganisms on inanimate objects, except for bacterial spores.
• A disinfectant is a chemical substance or compound used to inactivate or destroy microorganisms on inert surfaces.
• It does not necessarily kill all microorganisms, especially resistant bacterial spores.
• It is less effective than sterilization, which is an extreme physical or chemical process that kills all types of life.
• Peracetic acid, Phenol etc are the examples of disinfection

Asepsis

• It is the state of being free from disease-causing micro-organisms like pathogenic bacteria, viruses, pathogenic fungi, and parasites.
• The goal of asepsis is to eliminate infection, not to achieve sterility.
• It refers to any procedure that is performed under sterile conditions.
• There are two types of asepsis –

1. Medical – It reduces the number of organisms and prevents their spread.
2. Surgical- It includes procedures to eliminate micro-organisms from an area and is practised by surgical technologists and nurses

• It is done by autoclaving.

Aseptic technique

• It is a collection of medical practices and procedures that helps to protect the patients from dangerous germs.
• The goal of this technique is to eliminate germs.
• Healthcare professionals commonly use the aseptic technique when they’re:

1. handling surgery equipment
2. helping with a baby’s birth by vaginal delivery
3. handling dialysis catheters
4. performing dialysis

• It is done by using hand wash, disinfectants etc.

Concept:-

Enterobiasis disease:

• it causes itching around the anus which can lead to difficulty sleeping and restlessness.
• The cause of enterobiasis, is pinworm, a small white, threadlike nematode.
• Typically inhabits the cecum, appendix, and adjacent areas of the ileum and ascending colon.
• Gravid females migrate at night to the perianal and perineal regions.

Signs and symptoms:

• itching of the anal area.
• restless sleep due to anal itching and discomfort.
• pain, rash, or other skin irritation around the anus.
• the presence of pinworms in stools.