Education and Research MCQ Quiz in বাংলা - Objective Question with Answer for Education and Research - বিনামূল্যে ডাউনলোড করুন [PDF]

Concept:

• A null hypothesis is a type of statistical that proposes that no statistical significance exists in a set of given observations
• The statement that is being test against the null hypothesis is alternative hypothesis
• Null hypothesis usually refers to "no effect" or "no difference"
• It is denoted as H₀

Additional Information

• Directional hypothesis -> Prediction made by a researcher regarding a positive or negative change
• Research hypothesis -> specific clear,testable, predictive statement about outcome of a research
• Non-directional hypothesis  -> Predicts that independent variable will have an effect on dependent variable but the direction of effect is not specified

Concept:

• Mode is described as repeated value in a given series
• In the above series 53 is repeated value

Additional Information

• Formula to calculate mean = sum of observations/number of observations 
• Median if “n” is odd M = n+1/2th term
• “n” is even M = (n/2) + (n/2+1)th term/2

Concept:

• The hypothesis is described as an assumption about a situation or a population that can be represented and tested via any or a combination of statistical methods. The research study of any particular phenomenon begins with writing a hypothesis. 

Key Points 

Hypothesis testing refers to a formal process of investigating a supposition or a statement to either accept or reject it.

Steps of Hypothesis testing:

• Stating the Hypotheses
  • This involves positioning the null and alternative hypotheses.
• Formulating an analysis plan
  • It involves deciding the test which is to be carried out to test the hypotheses.
• Investigating or analyzing the sample data
  • At this stage, sample data is examined by applying methods to drive mean values, normal distribution, t distribution, etc.
• Interpreting the results
  • It involves making the decision to either reject the null hypothesis in favor of the alternative hypothesis or not to reject the null hypothesis. 

Hence the process followed as :

State --> Formulate --> Investigate --> Interpret

(Hence option 1 is correct)

Concept:

• The degree of relationship between two variables is measured in terms of parameter called correlation coefficient.
• It is denoted by r.
• Most commonly used method is karl pearson's correlation coefficient.
• Correlation coefficient ranges between -1.00 to +1.00.

Explanation:

• The strongest correlation is considered when the value is closest to +1 (positive correlation) or -1 (negative correlation).
• Positive correlation coefficient ->  the value of one variable directly proportional to another.
• Zero correlation coefficient -> there is no correlation between both variables.
• Negative correlation coefficient -> the value of one variable depends inversely on another variable.
• Hence, the given options shows that -1.00 is the strongest correlation coefficient.

Additional Information

• Option 1 & 2 are closer to -1 and +1.
• Option 3 is closure to 0 correlation.

Explanation:-

Nursing Audit: 

• Is the quality assurance method in which data from the nursing documents and other evidence are being taken and then they are analyzed established to assure quality care to the patient. After that, the recorded data is compared with the established criteria for assuring the care given to the patient to check the quality of nursing care given.

• Nursing management audit:
  • This type is more structure-oriented, focusing on administrative aspects of the nurse's responsibilities and checking that the health facilities are suitable.
• Concurrent audit:
  • It is the evaluation of nursing care on behalf of patients who are still undergoing care. 

Nursing audit assists in:

• Evaluating Nursing care given,
• Achieving deserved and feasible quality of nursing care,
• Stimulating better nursing records maintenance,
• Focuses on patient care provided and not on care provider,
• Contributes to research in nursing.

Concept:-

• A hypothesis refers to a reasonable guess about the solution of a problem, which the researcher goes on to verify based on the relevant information collected by him/her. The purpose of the hypothesis is to define the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable.

Hypothesis testing is framed in terms of two hypotheses:

Research Hypothesis (H1):

• It consists of a statement about the expected relationship of the variables.
• It indicates the expected outcome of the study.
• If the researcher obtains a statistically significant finding for a research hypothesis, then the hypothesis is supported.
• For example, the hypothesis, “There is a difference between the learning styles of boys and girls”.

Statistical/Null Hypothesis (H0):  

• A null hypothesis proposes or predicts that there is no relationship between the two variables specified.
• It is a proposition that undergoes verification to determine if it should be accepted or rejected in favor of an alternative proposition.
• For example, the hypothesis: "There is no significant change in the performance of students when they are given remedial teaching", is an example of a null hypothesis.
• Rejection of the null hypothesis is equivalent to acceptance of the research hypothesis.
• So if a researcher fails to reject the null hypothesis then it means, the results are not significant and that there is insufficient evidence to support the idea of a real difference.

Hence, from the above points, it can be concluded that if a researcher fails to reject the null hypothesis (H0) in his/her research, then it implies that the research hypothesis is rejected.

Concept:

• Sampling :Taking up a certain number of observations for a study.
• Drug -> Any compound used to treat, prevent, cure or mitigate a disease,
• Drug is also a narcotic term used for substances used for recreational purposes -> Mood altering properties.

Explanation:

• The desirable sampling technique for samples of injection drug users -> Snowball Sampling.
• Snowball sampling -> The subjects assist the researchers to identify similar subjects.
• More drug addicts taking injectable forms of the drug can be identified in this way.
• A huge amount of data collection is possible with this method.

​

Additional Information

• Quota Sampling: Homogeneous group is used for data collection.
• Convenient Sampling: Sampling is done from population which is easy to access.
• Purposive Sampling: The members for sample collection are chosen by the researchers themselves -> Based on researcher's judgement.

• Scatter diagram is the graphical representation of a set of data in which the values of pairs of variables are plotted on a coordinate system. This is mainly used to represent the data in the statistics.

Categories of Scatter Diagram:-

• Scatter Diagram with Strong Positive Correlation
• Scatter Diagram with Weak Positive Correlation
• Scatter Diagram with Strong Negative Correlation

Types of Scatter Diagrams:-

• Positive (values increase together)
• Negative (one value decreases as the other increases)
• Null (no correlation), linear, exponential, and U-shaped

Additional Information

Bar diagram:-

• A bar chart or bar graph is a chart or graph that presents categorical data usually with rectangular bars with heights or lengths proportional to the values that they represent.
• The bars can be plotted vertically or horizontally.
• A vertical bar chart is sometimes also called as a column chart.

Pie Charts:-

• are meant to express a "part to whole" relationship, where all pieces together represent 100%.

Histogram:-

• It is a graphical representation of the data that organizes a group of data points into user specified ranges. Similar in appearance to a bar graph, the histogram represents a data series into an easily interpreted visual by taking many data points and grouping them into logical ranges or bins.

Concept:

• Linear programming also termed as Linear Optimization is a method to achieve the best outcome in the form of a mathematical model whose requirements are represented by linear relationships. It also helps to calculate the profit and loss. So it is not an part of time event network Analysis. Hence Option 1 is the Correct Answer.

Additional Information

• The critical path method (CPM) is basically a technique where person  identifies the tasks that are necessary for project completion and determine scheduling flexibilities. A critical path in project management contains the  longest sequence of activities that must be finished on time in order for the entire project to be complete.
• Gantt charts  mainly helps an organization to plan work around deadlines and properly allocate resources. Projects planners also use Gantt charts to maintain a completion  view of projects. They depict, among other things, the relationship between the start and end dates of tasks, target milestones, and dependent tasks.
• Time-event network is also known as PERT. The Program Evaluation and Review Technique  is a network model which allows for randomness in activity completion times.
• Program Evaluation Review Technique  is basically a project management planning tool used to calculate the amount of time it will take to realistically to finish a project. PERT charts are used to plan tasks within a project and to making it easier to schedule and coordinate team members.

Concept:-

• Sampling in research is the process of selection of units (e.g. people, organization) from a population of interest so that studying the sample may fairly generate results back to the population from which they were chosen. The objective of sampling is to derive the desired information about the population at the minimum cost or with maximum reliability.

Snowball sampling:

• Snowball sampling is also known as network, chain referral, or reputation sampling method.
• Snowball sampling which is a non-probability sampling method is basically sociometric.
• In this sampling, the technique the researcher recruits other participants for the study. This sampling technique is the nonprobability sampling technique where researchers find it harder to get the samples.
• It can be useful when researchers need the sample to reflect certain features that are difficult to find.
• It is a special nonprobability method used when the desired sample characteristic is rare.
• It may be extremely difficult or cost-prohibitive to locate respondents in these situations.
• This technique relies on referrals from initial subjects to generate additional subjects.
• It lowers search costs; however, it introduces bias because the technique itself reduces the likelihood that the sample will represent a good cross-section from the population.

Additional Information

• Quota: similar to stratified sampling, the population is divided into mutually exclusive the judgment is used to select the participants from each stratum based on a specified proportion.
• Convenient: a process of selecting subjects or units for examination and analysis that is based on accessibility, ease, speed, and low cost. Units are not purposefully or strategically selected.
• Purposive: the selection of respondents is predetermined according to the characteristic of interest made by the researcher.