In India, emergencies are enforced by-

The correct answer is President.

Key Points

• In India, the President has the authority to declare an emergency under specific circumstances.
• There are three types of emergencies: National Emergency, State Emergency (President's Rule), and Financial Emergency.
• National Emergency can be declared on the grounds of war, external aggression, or armed rebellion.
• State Emergency (President's Rule) can be declared if the governance in a state cannot be carried out according to the provisions of the Constitution.
• Financial Emergency can be declared if the financial stability or credit of India or any part thereof is threatened.

Additional Information

• Article 352:
  • Deals with the proclamation of National Emergency.
  • The President can declare such an emergency only on the written advice of the Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister.
• Article 356:
  • Deals with the imposition of President's Rule in states (State Emergency).
  • It can be proclaimed if the President is satisfied that the state government cannot function according to the Constitutional provisions.
• Article 360:
  • Deals with the declaration of Financial Emergency.
  • During a financial emergency, the executive authority of the Union extends to directing any state to observe certain financial propriety.
• Duration and Approval:
  • Emergency declarations must be approved by both houses of Parliament within one month.
  • National Emergency can last for six months and can be extended indefinitely with parliamentary approval every six months.
  • State Emergency (President's Rule) can last for six months and can be extended up to three years with parliamentary approval every six months.